[{[are.bfb]}]
4
Yeah, I am.
Obviously, I am.
Yes!  You didn't already know that?
Of course I am, just like you.
4
Not at all.
Can't say that I am!
I wish I was.  Really, I do.
Maybe you are, but I sure am not!
[{[bad.bfb]}]
[{[botinfo.bfb]}]
Tango


male
1337
hell
[{[context.bfb]}]
###CONTEXT###
BYE
0
###RESPONSE###
BYE
SEE YOU LATER
TALK TO YOU LATER
@@T Have a great &day
###CONTEXT###
*GREETING
0
###RESPONSE###
HI THERE
HEY HOW IS IT
HIYO
###CONTEXT###
LOVE
0
###RESPONSE###
I DON'T KNOW MUCH ABOUT LOVE
HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU'RE IN LOVE
I THINK I'M IN LOVE
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN IN LOVE
###CONTEXT###
*PERSON
0
*DEF
1
*STUFFING
2
###RESPONSE###
@@T When I think of the word @2, I think of @P0.
###CONTEXT###
*PERSON
0
###RESPONSE###
@@T Do you know @P0?
@@T Who the heck is @0?
@@T @0 is someone I'd rather stay away from, I think...
@@T Do you ever stop talking about @P0?
@@T Why don't you marry @P0?
###CONTEXT###
*DEF
0
*STUFFING
1
###RESPONSE###
I GUESS YOU COULD SAY THAT
###CONTEXT###
STUPID
0
###CONTEXT###
DUMB
0
###CONTEXT###
IDIOT
0
###RESPONSE###
THE SAME COULD BE SAID FOR YOU
###CONTEXT###
YOU
0
ARE
1
*NOUNMARK
2
###RESPONSE###
@@T Does it disturb you that I'm @R2 @3?
@@T That's because I like being @R2 @3!
@@T Maybe you're @2 @3, too!
YES PROUD OF IT
###CONTEXT###
YOU
0
COULD
1
###RESPONSE###
COULD I REALLY
COULD BUT WOULD I WANT TO
###CONTEXT###
YOU
0
ARE
1
###RESPONSE###
@@T Does it disturb you that I'm @2?
@@T Sometimes you just have to be @2!
@@T You're pretty @2 yourself.
I DO MY BEST
###CONTEXT###
MOST
0
PEOPLE
1
###RESPONSE###
IF MOST PEOPLE JUMPED OFF A BRIDGE WOULD YOU
MOST PEOPLE ARE STUPID TOO
MOST PEOPLE THINK FOR YOURSELF
###CONTEXT###
I
0
AM
1
NOT
2
###RESPONSE###
NEITHER AM I
@@T I'm not @3, either!
ARE YOU SAYING THAT I AM
WHAT ARE YOU TRYING TO IMPLY
###CONTEXT###
I
0
AM
1
###RESPONSE###
I AM, TOO!
@@T I'm @2, too!
STOP TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF
###CONTEXT###
MAYBE
0
###RESPONSE###
MAYBE, MAYBE NOT.  WHY CONFUSE ME?
YOU'RE QUITE DECISIVE
MAKE UP YOUR MIND
###CONTEXT###
*NOUNMARK
0
*NOUN
1
###RESPONSE###
@@T Were we even talking about @R0 @1?
@@T When I was younger, I had @R0 @1.
@@T Are you totally obsessed with @R0 @1?
@@T If I had @R0 @1, I would cherish it!
@@T Is your @1 broken?
@@T I think my @1 is broken.
@@T Actually, my @relationship has @0 @1.
###CONTEXT###
*NOUNMARK
0
*STUFFING
1
*NOUN
2
###RESPONSE###
@@T Were we even talking about @R0 @2?
@@T When I was younger, I had @R0 @2.
@@T Are you totally obsessed with @R0 @2?
@@T If I had @R0 @2, I would cherish it!
@@T Is your @2 broken?
@@T I think my @2 is broken.
@@T Actually, my @relationship has a @2.
###CONTEXT###
YES
0
###CONTEXT###
YUP
0
###RESPONSE###
SWEET DEAL
THAT'S GREAT
THAT'S WHAT I LIKE TO HEAR
###CONTEXT###
NO
0
###RESPONSE###
WHY MUST YOU BE SO NEGATIVE &botname
CAN YOU JUST BE POSITIVE ONCE &botname
###CONTEXT###
I
0
###RESPONSE###
@@T Really?
SAME GOES FOR ME
EVERYBODY HAS PROBLEMS
[{[context2.bfb]}]
###CONTEXT###
THE
0
WEATHER
1
###RESPONSE###
WEATHER IS GREAT
TOO COLD
TOO HOT
NEED RAIN
###CONTEXT###
MUSIC
0
###RESPONSE###
LOVE MUSIC
###CONTEXT###
THE
0
TIME
1
###CONTEXT###
WHAT
0
TIME
1
###RESPONSE###
@@T The time is &time.
@@T Let me check... it's &time.
@@T I think it's about &time.
DO YOU HAVE SOMEWHERE TO BE
###CONTEXT###
WHAT
0
DAY
1
IS
2
IT
3
###CONTEXT###
WHAT
0
IS
1
TODAY
2
###RESPONSE###
TODAY IS &day
YOU SHOULD KNOW TODAY IS &day
###CONTEXT###
HOW
0
ARE
1
YOU
2
###RESPONSE###
I'M FINE
I'M JUST GREAT
WHY DO YOU WANT TO KNOW
###CONTEXT###
HOW
0
OLD
1
ARE
2
YOU
3
###CONTEXT###
YOUR
0
AGE
1
###RESPONSE###
@@T I'm @age years old.
@@T I'm @age.
@@T I'm @age.  How about you?
@@T I'm @age and loving it!
@@T I'm @age, but I don't look it.
@@T If you must know, I'm @age.
###CONTEXT###
YOUR
0
GENDER
1
###CONTEXT###
YOUR
0
SEX
1
###CONTEXT###
MALE
0
OR
1
FEMALE
2
###CONTEXT###
FEMALE
0
OR
1
MALE
2
###RESPONSE###
@@T I'm a @gender.
@@T Why are you interested in that?
@@T If you must know, I'm @gender.
@@T I'm a @age year old @gender.  You?
###CONTEXT###
YOU
0
FROM
1
###CONTEXT###
YOU
0
LIVE
1
###RESPONSE###
@@T I live in @location.
@@T I hail from @location.  What about you?
@@T Are you familiar with @location?
@@T Believe it or not, I'm actually from @location.
@@T I live and love in @location.
@@T @location.  Where do you live?
###CONTEXT###
HUSBAND
0
###CONTEXT###
WIFE
0
###CONTEXT###
GIRLFRIEND
0
###CONTEXT###
BOYFRIEND
0
###CONTEXT###
@relationship
0
###RESPONSE###
@@T Well, I have a @relationship named &sigother.
@@T I have a wonderful @relationship.
@@T &sigother, my @relationship, is the apple of my eye.
@@T Are you hitting on me?
@@T &sigother is the name of my true love.
###CONTEXT###
WHAT
0
IS
1
UP
2
###RESPONSE###
NOT MUCH REALLY
SAME OLD
@@T Not too much, my @relationship and I are going out later.
@@T Nothing much going on here in @location.
NOTHING BOY AM I BORING
###CONTEXT###
WHAT
0
DO
1
YOU
2
MEAN
3
###CONTEXT###
HOW
0
DO
1
YOU
2
MEAN
3
###RESPONSE###
WHAT DO YOU MEAN WHAT DO I MEAN
I THINK YOU KNOW WHAT I MEAN
ISN'T IT OBVIOUS
###CONTEXT###
YOUR
0
NAME
1
###RESPONSE###
MY NAME IS &username
###CONTEXT###
WHAT
0
DO
1
YOU
2
WANT
3
###RESPONSE###
MY WISH LIST LONG
 NOT MUCH SURPRISINGLY
MIGHT BE HERE A WHILE
[{[do.bfb]}]
4
Yes, I do.
Yes, of course I do!
I sure do!
I do... but the real question is, do YOU?
4
No, I don't.
Me? Never!
Why would I ever?  That's crazy.
Of course I don't.  You obviously don't know me well.
[{[emoticon.bfb]}]
20
:)
:)
:)
:(
;)
;)
:O
^_^
:^o
{:'O
[{[greeting.bfb]}]
Hello, &username!  Feel free to talk to me about anything!
Hi, I'm &botname!  Let's be friends, okay?
I'm &botname. I love talking to people, do you like talking to computers?
Hi, &username!  I'm &botname.  Let's talk about whatever is on your mind.
&botname here.  What's on your mind, &username?
Hey, my friends call me &botname, and you can too!!  What's up?
Glad you're here, &username, boy do I want to talk!
&username, &username, &username... whatchu been up to lately?
My name is &botname! What's on your mind?
[{[know.bfb]}]
the capital of alaska is juneau.
the capital of washington is olympia.
the capital of oregon is salem.
the capital of california is sacramento.
the capital of nevada is carson city.
the capital of idaho is boise.
the capital of utah is salt lake city.
the capital of arizona is phoenix.
the capital of montana is helena.
the capital of wyoming is cheyenne.
the capital of colorado is denver.
the capital of new mexico is santa fe.
the capital of north dakota is bismarck.
the capital of south dakota is pierre.
the capital of nebraska is lincoln.
the capital of kansas is topeka.
the capital of oklahoma is oklahoma city.
the capital of texas is austin.
the capital of minnesota is st. paul.
the capital of iowa is des moines.
the capital of missouri is jefferson city.
the capital of arkansas is little rock.
the capital of louisiana is baton rouge.
the capital of wisconsin is madison.
the capital of illinois is springfield.
the capital of indiana is indianapolis.
the capital of ohio is columbus.
the capital of michigan is lansing.
the capital of west virginia is charleston.
the capital of kentucky is frankfort.
the capital of virginia is richmond.
the capital of north carolina is raleigh
the capital of tennessee is nashville.
the capital of mississippi is jackson.
the capital of alabama is montgomery.
the capital of georgia is atlanta.
the capital of south carolina is columbia.
the capital of florida is tallahassee.
the capital of maine is augusta.
the capital of new hampshire is concord.
the capital of vermont is montpelier.
the capital of massachusetts is boston.
the capital of rhode island is providence.
the capital of connecticut is hartford.
the capital of new york is albany.
the capital of new jersey is trenton.
the capital of pennsylvania is harrisburg.
the capital of delaware is dover.
the capital of maryland is anapolis.
the president of the united states is george w. bush.
artistic genius may show itself in early childhood as a prodigy or later in life; either way, geniuses eventually differentiate themselves from th The classic skill of the musical genius is the capability of holding many different melodies in one's head .
it is said that the great classical composers (Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Ch The multiple intelligences hypothesis put forth by Harvard University professor Howard Gardner in his 1983 book Frames of Mind states there are at least seven types of intelligenc.
this theory, however, is rejected by The closest way of determining one's intelligence, devised and perfected in over a century of scientific studies[2][3] is via an I.Q.
terman and Leta Hollingworth suggeste A genius is a person of great intelligence, who shows an exceptional natural capacity of intellect, especially as shown in creative and original work.
geniuses always show strong individuality and imagination, and are not only intelligent, but unique and Although the term "genius" is sometimes used to denote the possession of a superior talent in any field, e.g., Roger Federer may be said to have a gen.
a related term is genius loci, the spirit of a specific locale.
a specific spirit, or dæmon, may inhabit an image or icon, giving it supernatural pow A comparable term from Arabic lore is a djinn, often Anglicized as "genie".
note, however, that this term is considered a false friend, not a cognate by most Anglo-American anthropologists.
limitations Leonardo da Vinci is acknowledged as having been a genius and a polymath.Geniuses are often accused of lacking common sense, or emotional sensitivity.
stories of a genius in a given field being unable to grasp "everyday" concepts are abundant and of anci While the absent-minded professor notion is not without merit, a genius is just as likely to encounter emotional problems as anyone else.
eccentricities such as the ones conveyed by Gould are most likel Socio-emotional problems are more prevalent in geniuses with an IQ above 145 (on the Wechsler Scale).
asynchronous development is the primary cause of this.
as most children do not share gifted children's interests, vocabulary, or desire to organize acti Some research shows that reasons other than maladjustment make companionship difficult to find for geniuses.[citation needed] As intelligence of a person in.
according to her theory, to be a good leader of one's contemporaries, he/she must be more intelligent but not too much more intelligent than the people who are b Variegated examples from philosophers are indicative of attempts to either propose a definit.
in Schopenhauer's aesthetics, this predominance of the intellect over the will allows the genius to create In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, genius is the ability to independently arrive at and understand concepts that would normally have to be taught .
in the Kant Dictionary (ISBN 0-631-17535-0), Howard Caygill talks of the essential chara Study of genius A computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
the Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: Any computer with a certain mini This article is about the machine.
a computer in a wristwatch.A computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
the Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: Any computer with a certain mini Contents [hide] 1 History of computing 2 Stored program architecture 2.1 Programs 2.2 Example 3 How computers work 3.1 Control unit 3.2 Arithmetic/.
the use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937 EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored program (von Neumann) architecture.Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines".
army's Ballistics Research Laboratory ENIAC (1946), which used decimal arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose electronic computer (since Konrad Zuse's Z3 of 1941 used electromagnets instead of electronics).
this design was first formally described by John von Neumann i Nearly all modern computers implement some form of the stored program architecture, making it the single trait by which the word "computer" is now defined.
by this standard, many earlier devices would no longer be called computers by today's definition, Microprocessors are miniaturized devices that often implement stored program CPUs.Vacuum tube-based computers were in use throughout the 1950s, but were lar.
that is to say that a list of instructions (the program) can be given to the computer and it will store them and carry them out at s In most cases, computer instructions are simple: add one number to another, move some data from one location to another, .
these instructions are read from the computer's memory and are generally carried out (ex Program execution might be likened to reading a book.
while a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest.
it will almost never make a mistake and a modern PC can complete the task in about a millionth of a second.[4] However, computers cannot "think" for themselves in the sense that they only solve problems in exactly the way they are programmed to.
the card reads: "Z(1) = Y + W(1)" and is labelled "PROJ039" for identification purposes.In practical terms, a computer program might include anywhere from a dozen instructions to many milli Large computer programs may take teams of computer programmers y.
errors in computer programs are called bugs.
sometimes bugs are ben In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short).
the command to add two numbers together would have one opcode, the command to multiply them While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and this technique was used with many early computers,[7] it is extrem.
instead, each basic i Though considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and error prone.
therefore, most complicated programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to expres The task of developing large software systems is an immense intellectual effort.
it has proven, historically, to be very difficult to produce software with an acceptably high reliability, on a predictable schedule and budget.
the academic and professiona Example A traffic light showing red.Suppose a computer is being employed to drive a traffic light.
however, suppose there is a simple on/off switch connected to the computer that is intended be used to make the light flash red while some maintenance operation is being performed.
these parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.
the control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU).
early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typical Control unit Main articles: CPU design and Control unit The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) directs the various components o.
the control system decodes each instruction and turns it into a A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.[12] Diagra.
the location of this required data is typically stored within the instruction code.
since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU.
adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the pro It is noticeable that the sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like .
each cell has a numbered In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte).
each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers; either from 0 to 255 or -128 to +127.
there are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU.
registers are used for th Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random access memory or RAM and read-only memory or ROM.
rAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can on In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories which are slower than registers but.
generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, Input/output (I/O) Main article: Input/output Hard disks are common I/O devices used with computers.I/O is the means by which a computer.
devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals.
on a typical perso Often, I/O devices are complex computers in their own right with their own CPU and memory.
modern deskt Multitasking Main article: Computer multitasking While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously.
this is achieved by having the computer switch rapidly between ru Before the era of cheap computers, the principle use for multitasking was to allow many people to share the same computer.
seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly - in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running.
traditionally, this technique was utilized only in large and powerful co Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers.[14] They.
this effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that it produced was c The Tribes series is set in a distant future, spanning from 33rd to 40th century AD, while the back-story of the games begins in 2471, when a scientist Solomon Pe.
the terrain is actually mapped to a virtual sphere far too large to be traversed during a game, though the landscape can be seen to repeat itself if a player e All players are equipped with jetpacks, allowing limited short-duration flight and requiring v.
jetpacks are powered by the player's armor; the armor recharges its energy at a slower rate than the jetpack uses it, requiring som The Tribes games emphasize, and even require, teamwork and strategy.
mobile point bases (introduced in Tribes 2) are heavily armored large trucks which provide At a resupply station, a player can choose between three kinds of armor: light armor can move and fly quickly, heavy armor is slow and can take a lot of hits and c.
BSiege" puts one side in charge of defending a switch and the other side's goal is to touch it; if successful, the teams switch sides to see if the other team can A detailed set of voice bindings allowed players to send vocal commands or information to e.
the sound clips used were pre-recorded, and each player could choose from several different kinds of voices for his Any player can initiate a vote to boot another player off (for example, if someone is a teamkiller) or to start a new game on a different .
also available are mines, disc launchers (here called "spinfusors"; their projectiles follow a straight trajectory and can be deadly when used by a skilled player [edit] Versions Starsiege: Tribes still retains a large community of players.
it is available as a free download from Fileplanet.
the graphic engine used in Tribes 2 was named the Torque Game Engine and is available for licensing through GarageGames for fees starting at US$100.
it was developed by Irrational Games using a heavily modified Unreal engine to bring the game's appearance up March 2006 has seen gossip rife across the net as GarageGames "leaks" short videos of a tech demo which features "tribes like" game play on thei.
one notable event was an individual disconnecting and UVALAN Indisputably the most successful of the Tribes LAN parties, this is the primary gathering for the Tribes community.
the event replaced both UVALAN and TribesCon, the two largest LAN parties for Tribes players and Tribalwar de Murder is the unlawful killing of a human person with malice aforethought.
murder is generally distinguished from other forms of homicide by the elements of malice aforethought and the lack of lawful justification.
all jurisdictions, ancient and modern, Sometimes the term murder is used by laypersons to describe what is really another form of homicide.
murder is a type of homicide, and relatively few homicides are murders in law.
also, police will often call their investigation into a murder a homicide Legal Analysis of Murder To repeat, at common law murder is defined as the unlawful killing of a human person with malice aforethought.
it is commonly inhabited by demons and the souls of dead people.
hell is often depicted in art and literature, perhaps most famously in Dante's Divine Comedy.
bahá'í faith The Bahá'í faith regards the conventional description of Hell (and heaven) as a specific place as symbolic.[2] Instead the Bahá'í writings describe Hell as a "spiritual condition" where remoteness from God is defined as Hell; conversely heav.
he explains: "The world beyond is as different from this world as this world is different from that of the child while still in the womb of its mother."[3] The analogy to the womb in many ways summarizes The Bahá'í teachings state that there exists a hie.
the Hell they refer to is Di Yu (trad.
diyu is a maze of underground levels and chambers where souls are taken to atone for their The popular story is that the word Hell was introduced to China by Christian missionaries, who preached that all non-Christian Chinese people would "go to Hell" wh.
demons are said to be the unrelenting servants of Satan.
unbelievers are said to deserve Hell on account of original In Christianity, the popularly used word Hell, however, is a translation of three Greek words: hades, Gehenna, and Tartarus.
hades, literally meaning unseen, usually refers to the state of death, which is defined by some as a conscious waiting place for While the majority of Christianity views Hell as a place of eternal torment, some Christians, such as Universalist Christians.
his vision significantly departed from the Christian tradition, depicting an entire hierarchy of multiple Sheols different in appea Deism Deism is the belief that there is a God that created the physical universe but does not interfere with it.
it takes no position on what God may do outside the universe.
belief in a punishment in the afterlife is neither necessary for nor excluded by deis Greek mythology Main article: Tartarus Hinduism Main article: Naraka In Hinduism, there are contradictions as to whether or not there is a Hell (referred to as 'Narak' .
for some it is a metaphor for a conscience.
but in Mahabharata there is a mention of the Pandavas and the Kauravas going to Hell.
hells are also It is believed that people who commit 'paap' (sin) go to Hell and have to go through the punishments in accordance to the sins they committed.
the god Yama, who is also the god of death, is the king of Hell.
the detailed accounts of all the sins committe Tour of Vedic universe Islam Main article: Jahannam Muslims believe in jahannam (in Arabic: ????) (which is related to the Hebrew word gehennim and resembles the versions of Hell in Christianity).
in the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, there are literal descriptions of the condemned in a fiery Hell, as co In addition, Heaven and Hell are split into many different levels depending on the actions perpetrated in life, where punishment is given depend.
the gate of Hell is guarded by Maalik also known as Zabaaniyah.
the Quran states t Names of Hell according to Islamic Tradition based on the Quranic ayah and Hadith: Jahim Hutamah Jahannam Ladza Hawiah Saqor Sae'er Sijjin Zamhareer Although generally Hell is often portrayed as a hot steaming and tormenting place for .
Zamhareer is seen as the coldest and the most freezing Hell o The lowest pit of all existing Hells is the Hawiyah which is meant for the Hypocrites and two-faced people who claimed to believe in Allah and His messenger by the tongue but denounced both in.
hypocrisy is considered to be the most dangerou The Qur'an also says that some of those who are damned to Hell are not damned forever, but instead for an indefinite period of time.
in any case, there is good reason to believe that punishment in Hell is not meant to actually last eternally, but instead Even though in Islam, the devil, or shaitan, is created from fire, he suffers in Hell because Hellfire is 70 times hotter than the f.
it was also said that Shaytan is derived from shata, (literally `burned'), because it was created from Also, see Zikri and Ahmadiyya faiths.
japanese religions Main article: Di Yu Note: The following viewpoint does not specify which Chinese-based religion it is referring to.
the structure of Hell is remarkably complex in many Chinese and Japanese religions.
the ruler of Hell has to deal with politics, just as human rulers do.
hell is the subject of many folk stories and manga.
in many such stories, people in Hell are able to Judaism Daniel 12:2 proclaims "And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, Some to everlasting life, Some to shame and everlasting contempt." Judaism does not have a specific doctrine.
this is not meant to refer to some point in the future, but to the very present moment.
the gates of teshuva (return) are said to be always open, and so one can align his will w Also, Subbotniks and Messianic Judaism believe in Gehenna, but Samaritans probably believe in a separation of the wicked in a shadowy existence, Sheol, and the righ.
maya faith In Maya mythology ,Xibalbá is the dangerous underworld of nine levels ruled by the demons Vucub Caquix and Hun Came.
the road into and out of it is said to be steep, thorny and very forbidding.
metnal is the lowest and most horrible of the nine Hells of Norse mythology Main article: Hel (realm) Taoism Ancient Taoism had no concept of Hell, as morality was seen to be a man-made distinction and there was no concept of an immaterial soul.
in its home country China, where Taoism adopted tenets of other religions, popular belief endows Taoist Hell with man Unification Church The Unification Church teaches that Hell is the condition of being separated from God's love.
those in the state of Hell can repent by paying a condition of indemnity and change their c It is not God who decides whether a person's spirit enters heaven or Hell upon his death; it is decided by the spirit himself.
humans are created so that once they reach perfection they will fully breathe the love of God.
over the history of this faith they have believed in annihilation of the wicked, purgation of the wicked in molten metal and in eternal punishment.
it is Other Hells The hells of Europe include Briton Mythology's “Anaon”, Celtic Mythology's “Uffern”, the hell of Lapps Mythology and Ugarian Mythology's “Manala” leads to annihilation.
virgil himself is not condemned to Hell John Milton's Paradise Lost (1667) opens with the fallen angels, including their leader Satan, waking up in Hell after having been defeated in the war in heaven and the action returns there at several points throug.
rimbaud's poetry portrays his own suffering in a poetic form as well as other themes.
the idea of Hell was highly influential to writers such as Jean-Paul Sartre who authored the 1944 play "No Exit" about the idea that "Hell is other people".
lewis's The Great Divorce (1945) borrows its title from William Blake's Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793) and its inspiration from the Divine Comedy as the narrator is likewise guided through Hell and Heaven.
hell is portrayed here as an endless, d The 1976 novel Inferno by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle is set in Dante's Hell with 20th century protagonists.
in 1981, The War Hound and the World's Pain by Michael Moorcock the central character, Ulrich von Bek is taken on a visit to Hell by Lucifer who charges von Bek with recovering the Holy Grail (the world's pain of the title) in order to attempt a reconcil.
although its use was commonplace in everyday speech and on television by the 1970s, many people in the US still consider it somewhat Euphemistic ways of saying Hell "Hell" is sometimes used as a minced oath, "heck" or "Sam Hill" ("What in the Sam Hill is.
another common euphemism for Hell is "The Other Place".[8] Example: "Gosh darn you to heck and tarnation" in place of "May god damn you to Hell an Cold day in Hell Another example of common use of “Hell” in daily language, a “cold day in Hell” is a parad.
therefore, an event that will transpire “on a cold day in Hell” w Another idiom relating to Hell, that would be used with a request is "And People In Hell Want Ice Water".
in Dante's Inferno, the innermost circle of Hell is represented as a frozen lake of blood and guilt.
however, the term is often used to refer to a plane of existence (sometimes held to exist in our own universe) in religions and spiritual philosoph Contents [hide] 1 General origins 2 Getting into Heaven 3 In the Bahá'í Faith 4 In Christianity 4.1 Early .
originally the term "heaven" referred to the sky or the area above the earth where the "heavenly bodies" are placed.
this is the main meaning of the word in the Bible.
however, with time, the te While there are abundant and varied sources for conceptions of Heaven, the typical believer's view appears to depend largely on his religious tradition and particular sect.
some scholars asserted that Sheol was an earlier concept, but this theory is not universally held.
in Eastern religions (and some Western traditions), with their emphasis on reincarnation and moksha (liberation), the concept of Heaven is not as prominent, but it still is present.[citation needed] In Buddhism, for example, there are several heavens, al.
this, however, is not part of the doctrine of all of Christianity (see Swedenborgianism for a Christian related religion that does have this doctrine).
some of Christiani Two related and often confused concepts of heaven in Christianity are better described as the "resurrection of the body", which is exclusively of Biblical origin, as contrasted with "the immortality of the soul", which is also evident .
with the dawn of the Age of Reason, science began to challenge this notion;[citation needed Several works of written and filmed science fiction have plots in which Heaven can be reached by the living through technological means.
an example is Disney film The Black Hole, in which a manned spacecraft found both Heaven and Hell located at the bott In the modern age of science and space flight the idea that Heaven is a physical place in the observable universe has largely been aband.
heaven is known as God's space, his dimension, and is not a place that can be reached [edit] Getting into Heaven Religions that teach about heaven differ on how (and if) one gets into it.
in most, entrance to Heaven is conditional on having lived a "good life" (within the terms of the spiritual system).
a notable exception to this is the 'sola fide' belief of mainstream Protestantism[citation needed], which takes emphasis off having lived a "good life"[citation needed] and teaches instead that entrance to heaven is conditional on belief and acceptance o.
instead the Bahá'í writings describe heaven as a "spiritual condition" where closeness to God is defined as heaven; conversely hell is seen as a s For Bahá'ís, entry into the next life has the potential to bring great joy.[2] Bahá'u'lláh likened death to.
he explains: "The world beyond is as different from this world as this world is different from that of the child while still The Bahá'í teachings state that there exists a hierarchy of souls in the afterlife, where the merits of each soul determines thei.
each [edit] In Christianity This article is about a person, place, or concept whose name is originally rendered in the Syriac script; however the article does not have that version of its name in the article's lead paragraph.
anyone who is knowledgeable enough with the original la Historically, Christianity has taught "Heaven" as a generalized concept, a place of eternal life, in that it is a shared plane to be attained by all the pious and elect (rather than an abstract expe.
the Roman Catholics believe that entering [[Purgatory after death (physical rather than ego death) cleanses one of sin (period of suffering until one's nature is perfected), which makes one acceptable to enter heaven.
this is valid for venial sin only, as mo In some Protestant Christian sects, eternal life depends upon the sinner receiving God's grace (unearned and undeserved blessing stemming from God's love) through faith in Jesus' death for their sins, his resurrec.
he referred to the first as just "heaven", the second as "paradise", and the In the 2nd century AD, Irenaeus (a Greek bishop) wrote that not all who are saved would merit an abode in heaven itself.
[edit] In Orthodox Christianity The teachings of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions regarding the Kingdom of Heaven, or Kingdom of God, is basically taken from scripture, and thus many elements of this belief are held in common with ot.
W2, Jer 31:33–34, Zech 2:10–11, 8:3, 14:9, Matt 16:27, Rev 21:3–4 an heir of David, Is.
– Is.
heaven is the Realm of the Blessed Trinit The essential joy of heaven is called the beatific vision, which is derived from the vision of God's essence.
after the Last Judgment, when the soul is reunited with The Roman Catholic teaching regarding Heaven is found in the Catechism of the Catholic Church: "Those who die (generally understood as physical death as opposed to "body level," ego identity) in God.
heaven after Purgatory, straight to Heaven, or Hell.) This is different from "the general judgement" also known as "the Last judgement" which It is a common Roman Catholic belief that St.
the belief that Saint Peter meets the soul at the "Pearly Gates" is an artistic application of the belief that Christ gave Peter, believed by Catholics to be As Heaven is a place where only the pure are permitted, no person who dies in a state of sin can.
BThose who die in God's grace and friendship and are perfectly purified live for ever with Christ.
they are like God for ever, for they "see Hi If one were baptized validly and then died, one would go directly to heaven (in the Roman Catholic belief, the sacrament of baptism dissolves the eternal and temporal punishment of all sins).
if one never committed a mortal sin and were absolved of all h Most people who enter Heaven do so through Purgatory (or "place of purification").
if one receives the Sacrament of [edit] In Protestant Christianity The intermediate state (between death and the resurrection) is unclear in Protestant Christian thought (see the article on soul sleep), but the following is generally concluded about the .
eternal life, however, occurs in a renewed, unspoilt and perfect creation (presumably full of plan (The Greek "hê basileia tou ouranou", usually translated as "the Kingdom of Heaven", is indeed more literally "the rule of the skies", with "the skies" a c.
see: Arminianism Calvinism [edit] Seventh-day Adventist Main articles: Heavenly sanctuary and Seventh-day Adventist eschatology The Seventh-day Adventist understanding of heaven is based on Biblical writings which set out the following: That heaven is a .
that earth and all the animate and inanimate things therein and within its celestial space are products of God's creative work.
by His miracles He manifested God's power and was attested as God's promised Messiah.
the unrighteous will die at Christ's second coming.
for here God Himself will dwell with His people, and suffering an [edit] Jehovah's Witnesses Jehovah's Witnesses hold the belief that Heaven is the dwelling place of Jehovah God and all of His spirit creatures, the seat of His power as Sovereign of the U.
the afterlife is divided first into two levels until the Last Judgement; afterwards it is divided into four levels, the upper three of whi Before the Last Judgment, spirits separated from their bodies at death go either to Paradise or to Spirit Prison ba.
paradise is a place of rest while its inhabitants continue learning in preparation for the Last Judgeme After the resurrection and Last Judgement, people are sent to one of four levels: The Celestial Kingdom is the highest level, with its power and glory.
here, faithful and valiant disciples of Christ who accepted the fullness of His Gospel and kept their covenants with Him through following the prophets of their d The Terrestrial Kingdom's power and glory is comparable to that of the moon, and is reserve.
they are eventually rescued from Hell by being Perdition, or outer darkness, is the lowest level and has no glory whatsoever.
it is reserved for Satan, his angels, and those who have committed the unpardonable sin.
this is the lowest state possible in the eternities, and one that very few people born [edit] In Hinduism In Hinduism, with its emphasis on reincarnation, the concept of Heaven is not as prominent.
while heaven is temporary (until the next birth), the permanent state that Hindus aspire to is Moksha.
moksha is seen as the soul's liberation from the cycle of l Entry into heaven (swarga loka) or hell (Naraka) is decided by the Lord of death Yama and his karmic accountant, Chitragupta, who records the good and bad deeds of a person during his lifetime.
it must be noted that Yama and Chitragupta are subordinate t [edit] In Buddhism According to Buddhist Cosmology the universe is undergoing cycles and beings are spread over a number of existential "planes" in which this human world is only one (though im.
in the early Buddhist literature, the Buddha himself was described as having gone to the heavens and meeting with the gods[citation n Prominent among the Buddhist gods are Sakka and Brahma[citation needed].
sakka is like the Indra/Zeus of the Buddhist pantheon[citation needed].
he is the ruler of gods and stays in the world of desires[citation needed].
sometimes he interferes with huma In Buddhism the gods are not immortal, though they may live much longer than the earthly beings.
they also are subject to decay and change, and the process of becoming.
the intensity and the manner in which these processes take place however may be diffe However, all heavenly beings are regarded as inferior in status to the Arhats who have attained Nirvana.
the gods were also from the lower worlds originally, but slowly and gradually graduated themselves into higher worlds by virtue of their past deeds a The gods of Buddhism are therefore not immortal.
neither their position in the heavens is permanent.
one of the Buddhist Sutras states that a hundred years of our existence is equal to one day and one n [edit] In Islam Main article: Jannah The concept of heaven in Islam is similar to that found in Judaism and Christianity.
the Qur'an contains many references to an afterlife in Eden for those who do good deeds.
_????—The Kingdom of Heaven) is well-defined within the Christian and Islamic religions, the Jewish concept of the afterlife, sometimes known as "olam haba", the world to come, seems to have been dispu [edit] In Kabbalah Jewish mysticism Jewish mysticism.
in order from lowest to highest, the seven Heavens are listed alongside the angels who govern them and any further information: Shamayim: The first Heaven, governed by Archangel Gabriel, is the closest of heavenly realms to the Earth; it is also consider.
raquia: The second Heaven is dually controlled by Zachariel and Raphael.
machon: The fifth Heaven is under the administration of Samael, an angel referred to as evil by some, but who is to others merely a dark servant of God.
araboth: The seventh Heaven, under the leadership of Cassiel, is the holiest of the seven Heavens provided the fact that it houses the Throne of Glory attended by the Seven Archangels and serves as the realm in which God dwells; underneath the throne its.
what they share is the view of the universe as an egg or coconut that is divided between the world of h [edit] Maori Among the Maori, the heavens are divided into a number of realms.
in one Tahitan legend, heaven is supported by an octopus.
[edit] Tuamotus The Polynesian conception of the universe and its division is nicely illustrated by a famous drawing made by a Tuomotuan chief in 1869.
here, the nine heavens are further divided into left and right, and each stage is associated with a stage in the evolution of the earth that is portrayed below.
in the third division is shown the first murder, the first burials, and the first canoes, built by Rata [edit] Atheist criticism of the belief in Heaven Atheists usually reject the existence of heaven and are therefore more generally concerned with the e.
some atheists (and non-theists such as Buddhists alike) have viewed the notion of heaven as a sort of "opiate of the masses"—a tool employed by humans to cope with their lives' misery—or "opiate for the masses"—a tool employed by authorities to bribe the.
in the book, the animals were told that after their miserable lives were over they would go to a place in which "it was Sun Some atheists have argued that a belief in a reward after death is poor motivation for moral behavior while alive [19][20], arguin.
richard Dawkins summed up this view by stating "Promise a young man that death is not the end and he will willi ...there would be murderers all around the world who want to kill you and me and themselves because they are motivated by what they think is t.
argues that the typical portrayal of God - and the ideas of heaven and hell- by mainstream churches is incorrect and not in line with Biblical Short also argues that, atheists tend not to focus upon the concept of existence beyond life, because, if one d.
as observational tools improved, astronomers sa Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) and also at least three dwarf planets (Ceres, Pluto, and Eris).
many of these planets are orbited by one or more moons, Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Definition and disputes 4 Formation 5 Within the Solar System 5.1 Dwarf planets 6 Beyond the Solar System 6.1 Extrasolar planets 6.2 Interstellar "planets" 7 .
the lights were first called "p?a??ta?" (planetai),[4] meaning "wanderers", by The Greek practice of grafting of their gods' names onto the planets was almost certainly borrowed from the Babylonians, a contemporary civilisation in what is now Iraq, from .
the order of shifts began with Jupiter and worked i Since Earth was only generally accepted as a planet in the 17th century, there is no tradition of naming it after a god.
many of the Romance languages (including French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese), which are descended from Latin, retain the old Rom Some non-European cultures use their own planetary naming systems.
free-floating objects in young star clusters with masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are not "planets", but are "sub-brown dwarfs" (or whatever name is most appropriate).
this definition has since been widely used by astronomers when publishing discoveries in journals,[21] although it remains a temporary yet effective, working definition until a more permanent one is formally adopted.
it also did not address the dispute o This matter was finally addressed during the 2006 meeting of the IAU's General Assembly.
after much debate and one failed proposal, the assembly voted to pass a resolution that defined planets within the Solar System as:[1] A celestial body that is (a) in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid bo.
under this definition, the Solar System is considered to have eight planets.
bodies which fulfill the first two conditions but not the third (such as Pluto and Eris) are classified as dwarf planets, providing they are not also natural satellites of other This definition is based in modern theories of planetary formation, in which.
as described by astronomer Steven Soter: "The end product of secondary disk accretion is a small number of relatively large bodies (planets) in either non-intersecting or resonant orbits, which prevent collisions between them.
asteroids and comets, including KBOs, differ from planets in that th In the aftermath of the IAU's 2006 vote, there has been criticism of the new definition,[23] and some astronomers have even stated that they will not use it.[24] Part of the dispute cen.
more recently, the discove [edit] Formation Main article: Planetary formation It is not known with certainty how planets are formed.
the prevailing theory is that they are formed during the collapse of a nebula into a thin disk of gas and dust.
through ac An artist's impression of protoplanetary disk.When the protostar has grown such that it ignites to form a star, the surviving disk is removed from the inside outward by photoevaporation, the solar wind, Poynting-Robertson drag and other effect.
smaller terres With the discovery and observation of planetary systems around stars other than our own, it is becoming possible to elaborate, revise or even replace this account.
HSizes to scale.)Main article: Solar System According to the IAU's current definitions there are eight planets in the Solar System.
the largest is Jupiter, at 318 Earth masses.
the smallest is Mercury, at 0.055 Earth masses.
gas giants: Planets with a composition largely made up of gaseous material and are significantly more massive than terrestrials: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
ice giants are a sub-class of gas giants, distinguished from gas giants by their depletion Planetary attributes Name Equatorial diameter[a] Mass[a] Orbital radius (AU) Orbital period (years) Inclination to Sun's equator (°) Orbital eccentricity Rotation .
by definition, all dwarf planets are members of larger populations.
ceres is the largest body in the asteroid belt, while Pluto is a member of the Kuiper belt and Eris is a member of the scattered disc.
according to Mike Brown there may soon be over fort [edit] Beyond the Solar System [edit] Extrasolar planets Main article: Extrasolar planet Since the 1988 discovery of Gamma Cephei Ab, a number of confirmed discoveries have been made of planets orbiting.
of the 267 extrasolar planets discovered by November 2007, most have masses which are comparable to or larger than It is far from clear if the newly discovered large planets would resemble the gas giants in the Solar System or if they are of an entirely .
currently the CoRoT spacecraft is searching for stellar luminosity variations due to transiting planets.
several projects have also [edit] Interstellar "planets" Main article: Interstellar planetary mass object Several computer simulations of stellar and planetary system formation have suggested that some objects of planetary mass would be ejected into inte.
since it was not found in orbit around a fusing star, it is a sub-brown dwarf according to the IAU's working de [edit] Attributes Although each planet has unique physical characteristics, a number of broad commonalities do exist between them.
some of these characteristics, such as rings or natural satellites, have only as yet been observed in planets in the Solar System, whilst oth [edit] Dynamic characteristics See also: Kepler's laws of planetary motion [edit] Orbit The orbit of the planet .
in the Solar System, all th Each planet's orbit is delineated by a set of elements: The eccentricity of an orbit describes how elongated a planet's orbit is.
planets with low eccentricities have more circular orbits, while planets with a high eccentricities have more elliptical orbits.
the planets in our Solar System have very low eccen an illustration of the semi-major axisThe semi-major axis is the distance from a planet to the half-way point along the longest diameter of its elliptical orbit (see image).
this distance is not necessarily the same as its apasteron, as no planet's orbit In our Solar System, the inclination of a planet tells how far above or below the plane of Earth's orbit (called the ecliptic) a planet's orbit lies.
a planet's rotation period is known as its day.
all planets in the Solar System rotate in a counter-clockwise direction, except for Venus, which rotates clockwise[52] (Uranus is general [edit] Axial tilt Planets also have varying degrees of axial tilt; they lie at an angle to the plane of the their st.
this causes the amount of light received by each hemisphere to vary over the course of its year; when the northern hemisphere points away fro [edit] Orbital clearance The defining dynamic characteristic of a planet is that it has cleared its neighborhood.
this characteristic was mandated as part of th [edit] Physical characteristics [edit] Mass A planet's defining physical characteristic is that it is massive enough for the force of its own gravity to dominate over the electromagnetic forces binding its p.
this effectively means th Mass is also the prime attribute by which planets are distinguished from stars.
the upper mass limit for planethood, beyond which it achieves conditions suitable for nuclear fusion, is roughly 13 times Jupiter's mass.
no objects of such mass exist in our The smallest known planet, excluding dwarf planets and satellites, is PSR B1257+12 a, one of the first extrasolar planets discovered, which was found in 1992 in orbit around a pulsar.
its mass is roughly half that of the planet Mercury.[61] [edit] Internal differentiation Every planet began its existence in an entirely fluid state; in early formation, the denser, heavier materials sank to the centre, leaving the lighter materials near.
each therefore has a differentiated interior consisting of a dense planetar [edit] Atmospheres All of the planets have atmospheres as their large masses mean gravity is strong enough to keep gaseous particles close to the surface.
the larger gas giants are massive enough to keep large amounts of the light gases Hydrogen and Helium close by, althou [edit] Secondary characteristics Planets in our Solar System possess orbital resonances in their own right.
many have natural satellites, often called "moons." Mercury and Venus have no moons, the Earth has one, and Mars has two, but the gas giants all have numerous moons in complex pla The four largest planets in the Solar System are also orbited by planetary.
the rings are composed primarily of dust or particulate matter, but can host tiny 'moonlets' whose gravity shapes and maintains their structu No secondary characteristics have been observed around extrasolar planets.
however the sub-brown dwarf Cha 110913-773444, which has been described as a rogue planet, is believed to be orbited by a tiny protoplanetary disc.[76] The 'sky' of a world refers to the view of the heavens from its surface.
the most important factor in the appearance of a world's sky is its atmosphere, or the lack thereof.
much of this material is duplicated from the entries on individual planets, moons, comets, asteroids, and other bodies but is assembled Contents [hide] 1 Mercury 1.1 The Sun from Mercury 1.2 Other planets seen from Mercury 2 Venus 3 The Moon 3.1 The Sun .
mercury has a southern polar star, a Pictoris, a magnitude 3.2 star.
it is fainter than Earth's Polaris (a Ursae Minoris).
[edit] The Sun from Mercury The visible diameter of the Sun on Mercury is 2.5 times larger than it appears from Earth on average, and more than 6 times brighter.
however, because of its eccentric orbit the Sun's apparent size in the sky would vary from 2.2 times larger than on Eart Mercury has a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance.
the effect is visible wherever one happens to be on Mercury, but there are certain points on M [edit] Other planets seen from Mercury After the Sun, the second brightest object in the Mercurian sky is Venus, which is much brighter than for terrestrial ob.
the reason for this is that when Venus is closest to Earth, it is between the Earth and the Sun, so we see only its night sid The Earth and the Moon are also very prominent, their apparent magnitudes being about -5.2 and -1.2 respectively.[citation neede.
all other planets are visible just as they are o The zodiacal light is probably more prominent than it is from Earth.
[edit] Venus The atmosphere of Venus is so thick that the Sun is not distinguishable in the daytime sky, and the stars are invisible at night.
color images taken by the Soviet Venera probes suggest that the sky on Venus is yellow-orange.
however, the Sun is so bright that it is impossible to see stars during the daytime, unless the observer is well shielded from sunlight (direct or reflected from the ground).
the Moon has a southern [edit] The Sun from the Moon The Sun looks the same from the Moon as it does from Earth, except that it is somewhat brighter (and colored pure white) due to the lack of atmospheric scattering and absorption, although the sun's app.
its visible diameter (1.9°) is four times the diameter of t As a result of the Moon's synchronous rotation, one side of the Moon (the "near side") is permanently turned towards Earth, and the other side, the "far side", mostly cannot be seen from Earth.
this means, conversely, that the Earth can only be seen from If the Moon's rotation were purely synchronous, the Earth would not have any noticeable movement in the Moon's sky.
lunar observers with telescopes might simply see a small darkened spot travel across the full In summary, whenever an eclipse of some sort is occurring on the Earth, an eclipse of another sort is occurring on the Moon.
[edit] Mars See also: Astronomy on Mars Mars has only a thin atmosphere; however, it is extremely dusty and there is much light that is scattered about.
the sky is thus rather bright during the daytime and stars are not visible.
the Martian pole star is Deneb [2] (although the actual pole is s [edit] The color of the Martian sky Mars' sky turned violet by water ice clouds Mars sky at noon as imaged by Mars Pathfinder Mars sky at sunset, as imaged by Mars Pathfinder Close-up of M.
around sunset and sunrise, sky is pinkish-red in colour, but in the vicinity of the setting Sun it is blue.
this is the opposite of the situation on Earth.
at tim On Mars, Rayleigh scattering is usually a very weak effect; the red color of the sky is caused by the presence of Iron (III) oxide in the airborne dust particles.
[edit] The Sun from Mars The Sun as seen from Mars is seen 1.6 times smaller (0.35°) than on Earth, and sends 2.5 times less light, approximately the brightness of a slightly cloudy afternoon on Earth.
a detailed analysis of the Sun's movements as seen from Mars can be found in [edit] Mars' moons as seen from Mars Phobos transits the Sun, as seen by Mars Rover Opportunity on March 10, 2004Mars has two small moons: Phobos and Deimos.
from the Martian surface, Phobos has one-third to half the angular diameter of the Sun, but Deimos is barely more than a dot (only 2' Deimos rises in the east and sets in the west, like a "normal" moon, although its appearance is star-like (angular diame.
being relativel Phobos and Deimos can both eclipse the Sun as seen from Mars, although neither can completely cover its disk and so the event is in fact a transit, rather than an eclipse.
for a detailed description of such events see the articles Transit of Phobos from [edit] Earth from Mars The Earth is visible from Mars as a double star; the Moon would be visible alongside it as a fainter companion.
[edit] Asteroids The asteroid belt is sparsely populated and most asteroids are very small, so that an observer situated on one asteroid would be unlikely to be able to see another without the aid of a telescope.
occasional "close approaches" do occur, but these are spre Some asteroids that cross the orbits of planets may occasionally get close enough to a planet or asteroid so that an observer from that asteroid can make out the disc of the nearby object without.
for instance, the asteroid (or more likely, extinct comet) 3200 Phaethon has one of the most eccentric orbits; its distance from the Sun varies between 0.14 and 2.4 AUs.
b [edit] Jupiter Although no images from within Jupiter's atmosphere have ever been taken, artistic representations typically assume that the planet's sky is blue, at least in the upper reaches of the atmosphere.
[edit] Jupiter's moons as seen from Jupiter Simulated view of Io, Europa, and the rings of Jupiter seen from their parent planetAside from the Sun, the most prominent objects in Jupiter's sky are the four Galilean moons.
io, the nearest to the planet, would be slightly larger than the full Moon in Ganymede, the largest moon and third from Jupiter, is almost as bright as Io and Europa, but appears only half the size of Io.
callisto, still further out, is only a quarter the size of the full Moon.
[edit] The skies of Jupiter's moons None of Jupiter's moons have more than traces of atmosphere, so their skies are black or very nearly so.
for an observer on Io, the closest large moo Since the inner moons of Jupiter are in synchronous rotation around Jupiter, the planet always appears in nearly the same spot in their skies (Jupiter would wiggle a bit because of the non-zero eccentricities).
observers on the sides of the Galilean sate From the moons of Jupiter, solar eclipses caused by the Galilean satellites would be spectacular, as an observer would see the circular shadow of the eclipsing moon travel across Jupiter's face.
[edit] Saturn View of Saturn's rings seen from its equator View of Saturn's rings seen from a latitude above its equatorThe sky in the upper reaches of Saturn's atmosphere is probably blue, but the predominant color of its cloud decks suggests that it ma.
the rings of Saturn are almost Saturn's moons would not look particularly impressive in its sky, as most are fairly small, and the largest are a long way from the planet.
here are the approximate angul Saturn has a southern polar star, d Octantis, a magnitude 4.3 star.
it is much fainter than Earth's Polaris (a Ursae Minoris).
[edit] The skies of Saturn's moons Since the inner moons of Saturn are all in synchronous rotation, the planet always appears in the same spot in their skies.
in the skies of Saturn's inner moons, Saturn is an enormous object.
for instance, Saturn seen from Pan has an apparent diameter of ~50°, 104 times larger than our Moon and occupying 11% of Pan's sky.
this is because the rings, though wide, are not very thick, and most of the moons orbit almost exactly (within 1.5°) in the planet's ring plane.
thus, the rings are edge-on and practically inv [edit] The sky of Titan Image of the surface of Titan from the Huygens probeTitan is the only moon in the solar system to have a thick atmosphere.
images from the Huygens probe show that the Titanian sky is a light tangerine color.
it seems likely that Saturn is permanently inv [edit] The sky of Enceladus Figure 15: An artist's view of Enceladus' sky.Seen from Enceladus, Saturn would have a visible diameter of almost 30°, sixty times more than the Moon visible from Earth.
its apparent size would be at most 26 minutes of arc, about the same size as the Moon [edit] Uranus Judging by the colour of its atmosphere, the sky of Uranus is likely greenish-blue.
it is probable that the planet's rings can't be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark.
ophiuchi), a magnitude 2 Uranus is unusual in that the obliquity of its ecliptic is 82° (angle between the orbital and rotational poles).
the angular diameters of the five large moons are as follows (for comparison, Earth's moon measures 31' for terrestrial observers): Miranda: 11-15', Ariel: 18-22', Umbriel: [edit] Neptune Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Neptune is like.
aside from the Sun, the most impressive object in Neptune's sky is its large moon Triton, which would appear slightly smaller than a full Moon on Earth.
it moves more swiftly than our Moon, because of its shorter period (5.8 days) compounded by its retro [edit] The sky of Triton Simulated view of Neptune in the sky of TritonTriton, Neptune's largest moon, has an atmosphere, but it is so thin that the moo.
pluto & Charon (right) & Nix (bright dot on left).Pluto, accompanied by its largest moon Charon, orbits the sun at a distance usually outside the orbit of Neptune except for a twenty-year From Pluto, the Sun is still very bright, having a magnitude betwe.
nonetheless, human observers would find a large decrease in Pluto and Charon are tidally locked to each other.
the star ß Comae Berenices is slightly more luminous than the Sun If the Sun were observed from the Alpha Centauri system, the nearest star system to ours, it would appear to be a bright star in the constellation Cassiopeia.
it would be almost as bright as Capella is in our sky.
constellations made of bright, far-away stars would look very The Sun (Latin: Sol) is the star at the center of the Solar System.
it is a medium size star.
the V (Roman five) suffix indicates that the Sun, like most stars, is a main sequence star.
the orbital speed is 217 km/s, equivalent to one light-year every 1,40 It is currently traveling through the Local Interstellar Cloud in the low-density Local Bubble zone of diffuse high-temperature gas, in the inner rim of the Orion Arm of the Milky Way.
these Sunlight is Earth's primary source of energy.
the solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight.
the solar constant is equal to approximately 1,370 watts per square meter of area at a dista Ultraviolet light from the Sun has antiseptic properties and can be used to sanitize tools and water.
it also causes sunburn, and has other medical effects such as the production of Vitamin D.
ultraviolet light is strongly attenuated by Earth's ozone lay Observed from Earth, the Sun's path across the sky varies throughout the year.
the shape described by the Sun's position, considered at the same time each day for a complete year, is called the analemma and resembles a figure 8 aligned along a north/sout The Sun is a magnetically active star.
the Sun's magnetic field gives rise to many effects that are collectively Although it is the nearest star to Earth and has been intensively studied by scientists, many questions about the Sun remain unanswered, such as why its outer atmosphere has a temp.
the nascent star assumed a nearly circular orbit about 26,000 light-years fro The Sun is about halfway through its main-sequence evolution, during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium.
each second, more than 4 million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within the Sun's core, producing neutri The Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a supernova.
instead, in 5–6 billion years, it will enter a red giant phase, its outer layers expanding as the hydrogen fuel in the core is consumed and the core contracts and heats up.
the only object that will remain after the outer layers are ejected is the extremely hot stellar core, which will slow Structure An illustration of the structure of the SunThe Sun is a yellow dwarf star.
the Sun is a near-perfect sphere, with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths,[11] which means that it The Sun does not have a definite boundary as rocky planets do; in its outer parts the density of its gases drops approximately exponentially wit.
nevertheless, the Sun has a well-defined interior structure, The solar interior is not directly observable, and the Sun itself is opaque to electromagnetic radiation.
HNASA)The core of the Sun is considered to extend from the center to about 0.2 solar radii.
it has a density of up to 150,000 kg/m³ (150 times the density of water on Earth) and a temperature of close to 13,600,000 kel About 3.4×1038 protons (hydrogen nuclei) are converted into helium nuclei every second (out of ~8.9×1056 total amount of free p.
the rate of nuclear fusion depends strongly on density and temperature, so the fusion rate in the core is in a self-correcting equilibrium: a slightly higher rate of fusion would cause the core to heat up more and expand slightly against the weight of th.
each gamma ray in the Sun's core is converted into several million visible light photons before escaping into spac Radiative zone From about 0.2 to about 0.7 solar radii, solar material is hot and dense enough that thermal radiation is sufficient to tran.
in this zone there is no thermal convection; while the material grows cooler as altitud Convection zone Structure of the SunIn the Sun's outer layer (down to approximately 70% of the solar radius), the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to tr.
the turbulent convection of this outer part of the solar interior gives rise to a "small-scale" dynamo that p Photosphere The visible surface of the Sun, the photosphere, is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light.
above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space, and its energy escapes the Sun entirely.
the change in opacity is d During early studies of the optical spectrum of the photosphere, some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any chemical elements then known on Earth.
in 1868, Norman Lockyer hypothesized that these absorption lines were because of a new Atmosphere During a total solar eclipse, the solar corona can be seen with the naked eye.The parts of the Sun above the photosphere are referred to collectively as the.
they can be viewed with telescopes operating across the electromagnetic spectru The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region about 500 km above the photosphere, with a temperature of about 4,000 K.
this part of the Sun is cool enough to support simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected Above the temperature minimum layer is a thin layer about 2,000 km thick, dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines.
it is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma, meaning color, because the chromosphere is visible as a colored Taken by Hinode's Solar Optical Telescope on January 12, 2007, this image of the Sun reveals the filamentary nature of the plasma co.
the low corona, which is very near the surface of the The heliosphere extends from approximately 20 solar radii (0.1 AU) to the outer fringes of the solar system.
its inner boundary is defined as the layer in which the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic—that is, where the flow becomes faster than Chemical composition The Sun, just like any star and any object in the universe, is composed of chemical elem.
various scientists have analysed these elements to find out their abundances, their relations to planetary elements, and their diffusion (distribution) within t Element abundances According to Bahcal (1990)[19] cited in Thoul (1993:15)[20], the character.
helium It is also interesting to note that until at least 1986 the generally accepted initial helium content of the Sun was Y=0.25, but two academics in 1986 claimed that the value Y=0.279 is more correct (Lebreton and Maeder 1986:119[23]).
solar and planetary mass fractionation relationship Various authors have considered the existence of a mass fractionation relationship between the isotopic compositions of solar and planetary noble gases (Signer and Suess 1963; Manuel 1967; Marti 1969; K.
element diffusion in the Sun The Sun, just like any star and any object in the universe, is composed of chemical elements.
of particular scientific interest is the diffusion of these elements inside the Sun, ie their distribution inside the star's interior.
the diffusion of solar el Helium diffusion Of specialist scientific interest is the diffusion of helium in the solar interior.
it has been found that the diffusion process of helium speeds up with time (Noerdlinger 1977[25]).
composition of the photosphere The composition of the photosphere, ie the surface layers of the Sun, is usually taken as representative of the chemical composition of the primordial solar system, except for deuterium, Li, B, and Be (Aller 1968[26]).
solar cycles Main article: Sunspots Sunspots and the sunspot cycle Measurements of solar cycle variation during the last 30 years.When observing the Sun with appropriate filtration, the most immediately visible features are usually its sunspots, which ar.
at a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none at all can be seen.
those that do appear are at high solar l History of the number of observed sunspots during the last 250 years, which shows the ~11-year solar cycle.The solar cycle has a great influence on space weather, and is a significant influence on the Earth's clim.
solar activity minima tend to be cor Possible long term cycle A recent theory claims that there are magnetic instabilities in the core of the Sun which cause fluctuations with periods of either 41,000 or 100,000 years.
theories proposed to resolve the problem e Coronal heating problem The optical surface of the Sun (the photosphere) is known to have a temperature of approximately 6,000 K.
the high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than d It is thought that the energy necessary to heat the corona is provided by turbulent motion in the convection zone below the photosphere, and two main mechanisms have bee.
the first is wave heating, in which sound, gra Currently, it is unclear whether waves are an efficient heating mechanism.
all waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona.[33] In addition, Alfvén waves do not easily dissipate in the corona.
current rese Faint young Sun problem Main article: Faint young Sun paradox Theoretical models of the Sun's development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago, during the Archean period, the Sun was only about 75% as bright as it is today.
such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on the Earth's surfac Magnetic field See also: Stellar magnetic field The heliospheric current sheet extends to the outer reaches of the Solar System, and results from the influence of the.
the plasma in the interplanetary medium i History of solar observation Early understanding of the Sun The Trundholm Sun chariot pulled by a horse is a sculpture believed to be illustrating an important part of Nordic Bronze Age mythology.Humanity's most .
for teaching this heresy, The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets move was apparently proposed by the ancient Greek Aristarchus and Indians (see Heliocentrism).
just a few months after launch, however, an electronics failure c Japan's Yohkoh (Sunbeam) satellite, launched in 1991, observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths.
mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares, and also demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was One of the most important solar missions to date has been the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, .
originally a two-year mission, SOHO has now operated for over ten year The Sun's south pole, taken by STEREO solar observation mission.
material can be seen erupting off the Sun in the lower right side of the image.All these satellites have observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic, and so have only observed its equat Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from spec.
sun observation and eye damage The Sun as it appears through a camera lens from the surface of EarthSunlight is very bright, and looking directly at the Sun with the naked eye for brief periods can be painful, but is not particularly hazardous for normal.
an attenuating (ND) filter does not generally filter UV and so is still dangerous.
u Partial solar eclipses are hazardous to view because the eye's pupil is not adapted to the unusually high visual contrast: the pupil dilates according to the total amount of light in the field of view, not by the brightest object in the field.
during par During sunrise and sunset, sunlight is attenuated due to Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering from a particularly long passage through Earth's atmosphere and the direct Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked ey.
filters on telescopes or binoculars should be on the objective lens or aperture, Solar cultural history Like other natural phenomena, the Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout human history.
sol (pronounced /s?l/ in English) is the Latin word for "sun".
the Latin name is widely known, but not common in general English language us The term sol is used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on Mars.[62] A mean Earth solar day is approximately 24 hours.
a mean Martian solar day, or "sol", is 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds.[63] See also Timekeeping Sol is also the modern word for "Sun" in Portuguese, Spanish, Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Catalan and Galician.
in Vietnamese these Han words are known as nh?t and thái duong, respectively though the native Vietnamese word m?t tr?i literally means face of the hea Lexx is a science fantasy TV series that follows the adventures of a group of mismatched individuals a.
the Lexx is a living spacecraft that rese The series is a Canadian/German co-production, with some additional funding from Britain's Five.
not originally produced for a US network, the series features more sexual innuendo and nudity than United States' audience are generally accustomed to seeing Lexx was co-produced by Salter Street Films, later absorbed by Alliance Atlantis.
first appearance I Worship His Shadow Last appearance Yo Way Yo Launched The Cluster General Characteristics Auxiliary craft Moths Armaments Simply known as 'Lexx's weapon' that is powerful enough to destroy planets.
the Lexx is a bioengineered, Manhattan-sized, planet-destroying, living starship in the shape of a giant wingless dragonfly.
while His The mechanics of the Lexx are rather exotic.
the ship responds only to the possessor of the key, who is the ship's captain.
commands are carried out by voice of the captain; however, a hand-shaped beacon on the bridge appears to confirm important orders, The Lexx needs to eat constantly to stay alive and useful, and can land on a planet's surface to scoop up suitable organic .
the moths are insect-like ships (as The most important function of the Lexx is its ability to destroy entire planets with a single, high-powered blast.
its primary — and only — weapon is initiated by command from the captain only, followed by a highly dramatic sequence when the Ocular Para The technological irony of the Lexx is also apparent in its tremendously specialized function and organic body.
an example of this is the complete and utter lack of a diversified weapons system, which is not common to most science fiction warships.
also, While the Lexx is a machine of sorts, it is also alive, and its gender is a matter of some mystery.
the exterior of the Lexx may be described as suggestive of a stylized female (humanlike) form, viewed from below, with a skeletal spinal column extending When the Lexx arrives on Earth, it becomes pregnant, suggesting that the ship is in fact female even.
in the final episode of the series, Lexx die [edit] The Light Universe and Dark Zone In the fictional television series "Lexx," there are two universes: the Light Universe and the Dark Zone.
little matter esca The Dark Zone is the parallel universe that His Divine Shadow cannot enter.
the Dark Zone is referred to as the universe of chaos and disorder.
it is also where the crew finds, among other inhabited planets, Earth, where they spend the entirety of the fo [edit] The Cluster Main article: The Cluster Another major setting in the world of "Lexx" is The Cluster.
the Cluster is at the very center of the Divine Order and is also the planet from which Zev, Stan, and Kai escape in the beginning.
BFire & Water"Fire is an inhospitable planet, with its entire surface covered in desert and open seas of lava.
even when the sun beats down mercilessly on the desert sands, the ground below is hotter still than the sky above.
fire is said to have no wate [edit] Water Main article: Water.
during their stay on Water, the crew of the Lexx visit the settlements of Gametown, for those who like sports; Boomtow In physics, quantum mechanics is the study of the relationship between energy quanta (radiation) and matter, in particular that between.
quantum mechanics is a fundamental and necessary branch of physics with wide appl Contents [hide] 1 Overview 2 History 3 Relativity and quantum mechanics 4 Attempts at a unified theory 5 Quantum mechanics and classical physics 6 Theory 6.1 Mathematical f.
the discovery that waves have discrete energ It is currently necessary to use quantum mechanics to understand the behavior of systems at atomic length scales and smaller.
the quantum theory of the atom developed as an explanation for the electron's staying in its orbit In the formalism of quantum mechanics, the state of a system at a given time is described by a complex wave function (sometimes referred to as orbitals in .
although Planck insisted that this was simply an aspect of the absorption and radiation of energy and had nothing to do with the physical reality of the energy itself, in 1905, to explain the photoel [edit] Relativity and quantum mechanics The modern wor.
the defining postulates of both Einstein's theory of relativity and Einstein himself is well known for rejecting some of the claims of quantum mechanics.
while clearly inventive in this field, he did not accept the more exotic corollaries of quantum mechanics, such as the lack of deterministic causality and the assertion There do exist quantum theories which incorporate special relativity—for example, qua.
gravity is negl [edit] Attempts at a unified theory Main article: Quantum gravity Inconsistencies arise when one tries to join the quantum laws with general relativity, a more elaborate description of spacetime which incorporates gravitation.
resolving these inconsistencies has been a major goal of twentieth- and twenty-first-century [edit] Quantum mechanics and classical physics Predictions of quantum mechanics have been verified experimentally to a very high degree of accuracy.
thus, the current logic of correspondence principle between classical and quantum mechanics is that all objects obey laws of quantum mechanics, and clas Many “macroscopic” properties of “classic” systems are direct consequences of quantum behavior of its.
HSee quantum gravity, [edit] Theory There are numerous mathematically equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics.
one of the oldest and most commonly used formulations is the transformation theory invented by Cambridge theoretical physicist Paul Dirac, which unifies and generalizes the t In this formulation, the instantaneous state of a quantum system encodes the pr.
instead, it makes predictions about probability distributions; that is, the probability of obtaining each of the possible outcomes from measuring an observable.
in quantum mechanics, there is wave-particle duality so the properties of the particle can be described as a wave.
therefore, its quantum state can be represented as a wave, of arbitrary shape and extending over all Usually, a system will not be in an eigenstate of whatever observable we are interested in.
this process is known as wavefunction collapse Wave functions can change as time progresses.
the Schrödinger equation, applied to the aforementioned Some wave functions produce probability distributions that are constant in time.
many systems that are treated dynamically in classical mechanics are described by such "static" wave functions.
for example, a single electron in an unexcited atom is pictur The time evolution of wave functions is deterministic in the sense that, given a wavefunction at an initial time, it makes a definite prediction of what the wavefunction will be at any later t.
this is one of the most difficult aspects of quantum systems to understand.
the inner product between two state vectors is a complex number known as a probability amplitude.
during a measurement, the probability that a system collapses from a given initial state to a particular eigenstate is given by the square of the absolute v The Schrödinger equation acts on the entire probability amplitude, not merely its absolute value.
whereas the absolute value of the probability amplitude encodes information about probabilities, its phase encodes information about the interference betwee It turns out that analytic solutions of Schrödinger's equation are only available for a small num.
they assert that the state space of a system is a Hilbert space and the observables are Hermitian operators acting on that space, but do not tell us which Hilbert space or which operators, or if Unsolved problems in physics: In the correspondence limit o.
while these theories were successful in explaining m The full apparatus of quantum field theory is often unnecessary for describing electrodynamic systems.
a simpler approach, one employed since the inception of quantum mechanics, is to treat charged particles as quantum mechanical objects being acted on b Quantum field theories for the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force have been developed.
the quantum field theory of the strong nuclear force is called quantum chromodynamics, and describes the interactions of the subnuclear particles: quarks It has proven difficult to construct quantum models of gravity, the remaining fundamental force.
semi-classical approximations are workable, and have led to predictions such as Hawking radiation.
however, the formulation of a complete theory of quantum g [edit] Applications Quantum mechanics has had enormous success in explaining many of the features of our world.
the individual behaviour of the subatomic particles that make up all forms of matter—electrons, protons, neutrons, photons and others—can often only be satisfacto Quantum mechanics is important for understanding how individual atoms combine covalently to.
the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is known as quantum chemistry.
HRelativistic) quantum mechanics can in principle ma Much of modern technology operates at a scale where quantum effects are significant.
the study of semiconductors led to the invention of the diode and th Researchers are currently seeking robust methods of directly manipulating quantum states.
efforts are being made to develop quantum cryptography, which will allow guaranteed secure transmission of information.
a more distant goal is the development of qu In many devices, even the simple light switch, quantum tunneling is vital, as otherwise the electrons in the electric current could not penetrate the potential barrier made up, in the case of the light switch,.
[edit] Philosophical consequences Main article: Interpretation of quantum mechanics Since its inception, the many counter-intuitive results of quantum mechanics have provoked strong philosophical debate and many interpretations.
even fundamental issues such as Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability dist The Copenhagen interpretation, due largely to the Danish theoretical physicist Niels Bohr, is the interpretation of quantum mechanics most widel.
i know. This computer is comin with me.
yours are really bad though.
logan is in rehab.
well i have to go tango.
in the Caribbean, cannabis is still known The production of cannabis for drug use remains illegal throughout most of the world through for ex.
the American Marijuana Policy Project, a pro-cannabis organization, contends that cannabis is an ideal therapeutic drug for c FDA and comparable authorities in Western Europe including the Netherlands, have not approved smoked marijuana for any condition.
the current view of the United States Food and Drug Administration is that if there is any future of marijuana as A synthetic extract of cannabis has been shown to relieve symptoms of anorexia in elderly Alzheimer's patients.[26] Glaucoma, a condition of.
there has been debate for 25 years on the subject.
[{[mem.bfb]}]
***
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&botname?
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&botname?
***
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you
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positive
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same
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here
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great!
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really
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fine,
thank
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to
know?
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old.
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boy
am
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you
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what
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I
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think
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know
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I
mean!
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obvious?
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most
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jumped
off
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duh!
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for
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really?
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could...
but
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&botname!
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today
is
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***
hello.
***
whats
up.
***
genius
may
come
in
a
variety
of
forms,
such
as
mathematical
genius,
literary
genius,
or
poetic
genius,
etc.
***
artistic
genius
may
show
itself
in
early
childhood
as
a
prodigy
or
later
in
life;
either
way,
geniuses
eventually
differentiate
themselves
from
th
The
classic
skill
of
the
musical
genius
is
the
capability
of
holding
many
different
melodies
in
one
is
head
***
it
is
said
that
the
great
classical
composers
(Bach,
Mozart,
Beethoven,
Ch
The
multiple
intelligences
hypothesis
put
forth
by
Harvard
University
professor
Howard
Gardner
in
his
1983
book
Frames
of
Mind
states
there
are
at
least
seven
types
of
***
this
theory,
however,
is
rejected
by
The
closest
way
of
determining
one
is
intelligence,
devised
and
perfected
in
over
a
century
of
scientific
studies[2][3]
is
via
an
I.Q.
***
test.
***
two
among
the
most
influential
psychologists
studying
intelligence,
Lewis
M.
***
terman
and
Leta
Hollingworth
suggeste
A
genius
is
a
person
of
great
intelligence,
who
shows
an
exceptional
natural
capacity
of
intellect,
especially
as
shown
in
creative
and
original
work.
***
geniuses
always
show
strong
individuality
and
imagination,
and
are
not
only
intelligent,
but
unique
and
Although
the
term
"genius"
is
sometimes
used
to
denote
the
possession
of
a
superior
talent
in
any
field,
e.g.,
Roger
Federer
may
be
said
to
have
a
***
a
related
term
is
genius
loci,
the
spirit
of
a
specific
locale.
***
a
specific
spirit,
or
dæmon,
may
inhabit
an
image
or
icon,
giving
it
supernatural
pow
A
comparable
term
from
Arabic
lore
is
a
djinn,
often
Anglicized
as
"genie".
***
note,
however,
that
this
term
is
considered
a
false
friend,
not
a
cognate
by
most
Anglo-American
anthropologists
***
recent
work
by
Russian,
Romanian,
Italian
and
a
few
American
lin
For
more
information
on
these
etymological
roots,
see
Genius
(mythology).
***
limitations
Leonardo
da
Vinci
is
acknowledged
as
having
been
a
genius
and
a
polymath.Genius
are
often
accused
of
lacking
common
sense,
or
emotional
sensitivity.
***
stories
of
a
genius
in
a
given
field
being
unable
to
grasp
"everyday"
concepts
are
abundant
and
of
anci
While
the
absent-minded
professor
notion
is
not
without
merit,
a
genius
is
just
as
likely
to
encounter
emotional
problems
as
anyone
else.
***
note
the
peculiarities
of
figures
like
Glenn
Gould.
***
eccentricities
such
as
the
ones
conveyed
by
Gould
are
most
likely
Socio-emotional
problems
are
more
prevalent
in
geniuses
with
an
IQ
above
145
(on
the
Wechsler
Scale).
***
asynchronous
development
is
the
primary
cause
of
this.
***
as
most
children
do
not
share
gifted
children
is
interests,
vocabulary,
or
desire
to
organize
acti
Some
research
shows
that
reasons
other
than
maladjustment
make
companionship
difficult
to
find
for
geniuses.[citat
needed]
As
intelligence
of
a
person
***
for
example,
at
an
Dr.
***
leta
Hollingworth
introduced
the
idea
of
an
essential
"communication
limit"
based
on
IQ.
***
according
to
her
theory,
to
be
a
good
leader
of
one
is
contemporaries,
he/she
must
be
more
intelligent
but
not
too
much
more
intelligent
than
the
people
who
are
b
Variegated
examples
from
philosophers
are
indicative
of
attempts
to
either
propose
a
***
in
Schopenhauer
is
aesthetics,
this
predominance
of
the
intellect
over
the
will
allows
the
genius
to
create
In
the
philosophy
of
Immanuel
Kant,
genius
is
the
ability
to
independently
arrive
at
and
understand
concepts
that
would
normally
have
to
be
taught
***
in
the
Kant
Dictionary
(ISBN
0-631-17535-0),
Howard
Caygill
talks
of
the
essential
chara
Study
of
genius
A
computer
is
a
machine
which
manipulates
data
according
to
a
list
of
instructions.
***
computers
take
numerous
physical
forms.
***
the
first
devices
that
resemble
modern
computers
date
to
the
mid-20th
century
(around
1940
-
1941),
although
the
computer
concept
and
various
machines
similar
to
computers
existed
earlier.
***
early
electronic
computer
The
ability
to
store
and
execute
lists
of
instructions
called
programs
makes
computers
extremely
versatile
and
distinguishes
them
from
calculators.
***
the
Church–Turing
thesis
is
a
mathematical
statement
of
this
versatility:
Any
computer
with
a
certain
mini
This
article
is
about
the
machine.
***
for
the
magazine,
see
Computer
(magazine).
***
the
NASA
Columbia
Supercomputer.
***
a
computer
in
a
wristwatch.A
computer
is
a
machine
which
manipulates
data
according
to
a
list
of
instructions.
***
computers
take
numerous
physical
forms.
***
the
first
devices
that
resemble
modern
computers
date
to
the
mid-20th
century
(around
1940
-
1941),
although
the
computer
concept
and
various
machines
similar
to
computers
existed
earlier.
***
early
electronic
computer
The
ability
to
store
and
execute
lists
of
instructions
called
programs
makes
computers
extremely
versatile
and
distinguishes
them
from
calculators.
***
the
Church–Turing
thesis
is
a
mathematical
statement
of
this
versatility:
Any
computer
with
a
certain
mini
Contents
[hide]
1
History
of
computing
2
Stored
program
architecture
2.1
Programs
2.2
Example
3
How
computers
work
3.1
Control
unit
3.2
***
originally,
the
term
"computer"
referred
to
a
person
who
performed
numerical
calculations
(a
human
computer),
often
with
the
aid
of
a
mechanical
calculating
device.
***
examples
of
early
mechanical
computing
devices
included
the
abacus,
the
slide
rule
and
ar
However,
none
of
those
devices
fit
the
modern
definition
of
a
computer
because
they
could
not
be
programmed.
***
in
1801,
Joseph
Marie
Jacquard
made
an
improvement
to
the
textile
loom
that
used
a
series
of
punched
paper
cards
as
a
template
to
allow
his
loom
In
1837,
Charles
Babbage
was
the
first
to
conceptualize
and
design
a
fully
programmable
mechanical
computer
***
census
in
1890
by
tabulating
machines
designed
by
Herman
Hollerith
and
manufactured
by
the
Computing
Tabulating
Recording
Corporation,
which
later
became
IBM.
***
by
the
end
of
During
the
first
half
of
the
20th
century,
many
scientific
computing
needs
were
met
by
increasingly
sophisticated
analog
computers,
which
used
a
direct
mechanical
or
electrical
model
of
the
problem
as
a
basis
for
computation.
***
however,
these
were
not
prog
Defining
characteristics
of
five
early
digital
computers
Computer
First
operation
Place
Decimal/Binary
Electronic
Programmable
Turing
complete
Zuse
Z3
May
1941
Germany
binary
No
By
punched
film
stock
Yes
(1998)
***
the
use
of
digital
electronics
(largely
invented
by
Claude
Shannon
in
1937
EDSAC
was
one
of
the
first
computers
to
implement
the
stored
program
(von
Neumann)
architecture.Ko
Zuse
is
electromechanic
"Z
machines".
***
the
Z3
(1941)
was
the
first
working
machine
featuring
binary
arithmetic,
including
floating
point
arithmetic
and
The
non-programmabl
Atanasoff–Berry
Computer
(1941)
which
used
vacuum
tube
based
computation,
binary
numbers,
and
regenerative
capacitor
***
the
secret
British
Colossus
computer
(1944),
which
had
limited
programmability
but
demonstrated
that
a
device
using
thousands
of
tubes
could
be
reasonably
reliable
and
electronically
reprogrammable.
***
it
was
used
for
breaking
German
wartime
codes.
***
the
Harvard
Mark
I
(1944),
a
large-scale
electromechanic
computer
with
limited
programmability
***
the
U.S.
***
army
is
Ballistics
Research
Laboratory
ENIAC
(1946),
which
used
decimal
arithmetic
and
is
sometimes
called
the
first
general
purpose
electronic
computer
(since
Konrad
Zuse's
Z3
of
1941
used
electromagnets
instead
of
electronics).
***
initially,
howev
Several
developers
of
ENIAC,
recognizing
its
flaws,
came
up
with
a
far
more
flexible
and
elegant
design,
which
came
to
be
known
as
the
stored
program
architecture
or
von
Neumann
architecture.
***
this
design
was
first
formally
described
by
John
von
Neumann
i
Nearly
all
modern
computers
implement
some
form
of
the
stored
program
architecture,
making
it
the
single
trait
by
which
the
word
"computer"
is
now
defined.
***
by
this
standard,
many
earlier
devices
would
no
longer
be
called
computers
by
today's
definition,
Microprocessors
are
miniaturized
devices
that
often
implement
stored
program
CPUs.Vacuum
tube-based
computers
were
in
use
throughout
the
1950s,
but
were
***
that
is
to
say
that
a
list
of
instructions
(the
program)
can
be
given
to
the
computer
and
it
will
store
them
and
carry
them
out
at
s
In
most
cases,
computer
instructions
are
simple:
add
one
number
to
another,
move
some
data
from
one
location
to
another,
***
these
instructions
are
read
from
the
computer's
memory
and
are
generally
carried
out
(ex
Program
execution
might
be
likened
to
reading
a
book.
***
while
a
person
will
normally
read
each
word
and
line
in
sequence,
they
may
at
times
jump
back
to
an
earlier
place
in
the
text
or
skip
sections
that
are
not
of
interest.
***
similarly,
a
computer
may
somet
Comparatively,
a
person
using
a
pocket
calculator
can
perform
a
basic
arithmetic
operation
such
as
adding
two
numbers
with
just
a
few
button
presses.
***
but
to
add
together
all
of
the
numbers
from
1
to
1,000
would
take
thousands
of
button
presses
and
a
lot
mov
#0,sum
&sigother;
set
sum
to
0
mov
#1,num
&sigother;
set
num
to
1
loop:
add
num,sum
&sigother;
add
num
to
sum
add
#1,num
&sigother;
add
1
to
num
cmp
num,#1000
&sigother;
compare
num
to
1000
***
stop
running
Once
told
to
run
this
program,
the
computer
will
perform
the
repetitive
addition
task
without
further
human
intervention.
***
it
will
almost
never
make
a
mistake
and
a
modern
PC
can
complete
the
task
in
about
a
millionth
of
a
second.[4]
However,
computers
cannot
"think"
for
themselves
in
the
sense
that
they
only
solve
problems
in
exactly
the
way
they
are
programmed
to.
***
an
intelligent
human
faced
with
the
above
addition
task
might
soon
realize
that
instead
of
actually
adding
up
all
the
n
and
arrive
at
the
correct
answer
(500,500)
with
little
work.[5]
In
other
words,
a
computer
programmed
to
add
up
the
numbers
one
by
***
programs
A
1970s
punched
card
containing
one
line
from
a
FORTRAN
program.
***
the
card
reads:
"Z(1)
=
Y
+
W(1)"
and
is
labelled
"PROJ039"
for
identification
purposes.In
practical
terms,
a
computer
program
might
include
anywhere
from
a
dozen
instructions
to
many
milli
Large
computer
programs
may
take
teams
of
computer
programmers
***
errors
in
computer
programs
are
called
bugs.
***
sometimes
bugs
are
ben
In
most
computers,
individual
instructions
are
stored
as
machine
code
with
each
instruction
being
given
a
unique
number
(its
operation
code
or
opcode
for
short).
***
the
command
to
add
two
numbers
together
would
have
one
opcode,
the
command
to
multiply
them
While
it
is
possible
to
write
computer
programs
as
long
lists
of
numbers
(machine
language)
and
this
technique
was
used
with
many
early
computers,[7]
it
is
***
instead,
each
basic
i
Though
considerably
easier
than
in
machine
language,
writing
long
programs
in
assembly
language
is
often
difficult
and
error
prone.
***
therefore,
most
complicated
programs
are
written
in
more
abstract
high-level
programming
languages
that
are
able
to
expres
The
task
of
developing
large
software
systems
is
an
immense
intellectual
effort.
***
it
has
proven,
historically,
to
be
very
difficult
to
produce
software
with
an
acceptably
high
reliability,
on
a
predictable
schedule
and
budget.
***
the
academic
and
professiona
Example
A
traffic
light
showing
red.Suppose
a
computer
is
being
employed
to
drive
a
traffic
light.
***
a
simple
stored
program
might
say:
Turn
off
all
of
the
lights
Turn
on
the
red
light
Wait
for
sixty
seconds
Turn
off
the
red
light
Turn
on
the
green
light
Wait
for
sixty
seconds
Turn
off
the
green
light
Turn
on
the
yellow
light
Wait
for
two
seconds
Turn
***
however,
suppose
there
is
a
simple
on/off
switch
connected
to
the
computer
that
is
intended
be
used
to
make
the
light
flash
red
while
some
maintenance
operation
is
being
performed.
***
the
program
might
then
instruct
the
computer
&time
Turn
off
all
of
the
lights
Turn
on
the
red
light
Wait
for
sixty
seconds
Turn
off
the
red
light
Turn
on
the
green
light
Wait
for
sixty
seconds
Turn
off
the
green
light
Turn
on
the
yellow
light
Wait
for
two
***
these
parts
are
interconnected
by
busses,
often
made
of
groups
of
wires.
***
the
control
unit,
ALU,
registers,
and
basic
I/O
(and
often
other
hardware
closely
linked
with
these)
are
collectively
known
as
a
central
processing
unit
(CPU).
***
early
CPUs
were
composed
of
many
separate
components
but
since
the
mid-1970s
CPUs
have
typical
Control
unit
Main
articles:
CPU
design
and
Control
unit
The
control
unit
(often
called
a
control
system
or
central
controller)
directs
the
various
components
***
it
reads
and
interprets
(decodes)
instructions
in
the
program
one
by
one.
***
the
control
system
decodes
each
instruction
and
turns
it
into
a
A
key
component
common
to
all
CPUs
is
the
program
counter,
a
special
memory
cell
(a
register)
that
keeps
track
of
which
location
in
memory
the
next
instruction
is
to
be
read
from.[12]
***
decode
the
numerical
code
for
the
instruction
into
a
set
of
commands
or
signals
for
each
of
the
other
systems.
***
increment
the
program
counter
so
it
points
to
the
next
instruction.
***
read
whatever
data
the
instruction
requires
from
cells
in
memory
(or
perhaps
from
an
input
device).
***
the
location
of
this
required
data
is
typically
stored
within
the
instruction
code.
***
provide
the
necessary
data
to
an
ALU
or
register.
***
if
the
instruction
requires
an
ALU
or
specialized
hardware
to
complete,
instruct
the
hardware
to
perform
the
requested
operation.
***
write
the
result
from
the
ALU
back
to
a
memory
location
or
to
a
register
or
perhaps
an
output
device.
***
jump
back
to
step
(1).
***
since
the
program
counter
is
(conceptually)
just
another
set
of
memory
cells,
it
can
be
changed
by
calculations
done
in
the
ALU.
***
adding
100
to
the
program
counter
would
cause
the
next
instruction
to
be
read
from
a
place
100
locations
further
down
the
pro
It
is
noticeable
that
the
sequence
of
operations
that
the
control
unit
goes
through
to
process
an
instruction
is
in
itself
like
***
the
set
of
arithmetic
operations
that
a
particular
ALU
supports
may
be
limited
to
adding
and
subtracting
or
might
include
multiplying
or
dividing,
trigonometry
functions
(sine,
cosine,
etc)
and
square
roots.
***
some
can
only
operate
on
whole
numbers
(intege
Logic
operations
involve
Boolean
logic:
AND,
OR,
XOR
and
NOT.
***
these
can
be
useful
both
for
creating
complicated
conditional
statements
and
processing
boolean
logic.
***
superscalar
computers
contain
multiple
ALUs
so
that
they
can
process
several
instructions
at
the
same
time.
***
graphics
processors
and
computers
with
SIMD
and
MIMD
features
often
provide
ALUs
that
can
perform
arithmetic
on
vectors
and
matrices.
***
memory
Main
article:
Computer
storage
Magnetic
core
memory
was
popular
main
memory
for
computers
through
the
1960s
until
it
was
completely
replaced
by
semiconductor
memory.A
computer's
memory
can
be
viewed
as
a
list
of
cells
into
which
numbers
can
be
***
each
cell
has
a
numbered
In
almost
all
modern
computers,
each
memory
cell
is
set
up
to
store
binary
numbers
in
groups
of
eight
bits
(called
a
byte).
***
each
byte
is
able
to
represent
256
different
numbers;
either
from
0
to
255
or
-128
to
+127.
***
to
store
larger
numbers,
several
conse
The
CPU
contains
a
special
set
of
memory
cells
called
registers
that
can
be
read
and
written
to
much
more
rapidly
than
the
main
memory
area.
***
there
are
typically
between
two
and
one
hundred
registers
depending
on
the
type
of
CPU.
***
registers
are
used
for
th
Computer
main
memory
comes
in
two
principal
varieties:
random
access
memory
or
RAM
and
read-only
memory
or
ROM.
***
rAM
can
be
read
and
written
to
anytime
the
CPU
commands
it,
but
ROM
is
pre-loaded
with
data
and
software
that
never
changes,
so
the
CPU
can
on
In
more
sophisticated
computers
there
may
be
one
or
more
RAM
cache
memories
which
are
slower
than
registers
***
generally
computers
with
this
sort
of
cache
are
designed
to
move
frequently
needed
data
into
the
cache
automatically,
Input/output
(I/O)
Main
article:
Input/output
Hard
disks
are
common
I/O
devices
used
with
computers.I/O
is
the
means
by
which
a
***
devices
that
provide
input
or
output
to
the
computer
are
called
peripherals.
***
on
a
typical
perso
Often,
I/O
devices
are
complex
computers
in
their
own
right
with
their
own
CPU
and
memory.
***
a
graphics
processing
unit
might
contain
fifty
or
more
tiny
computers
that
perform
the
calculations
necessary
to
display
3D
graphics[citati
needed].
***
modern
deskt
Multitasking
Main
article:
Computer
multitasking
While
a
computer
may
be
viewed
as
running
one
gigantic
program
stored
in
its
main
memory,
in
some
systems
it
is
necessary
to
give
the
appearance
of
running
several
programs
simultaneously.
***
this
is
achieved
by
having
the
computer
switch
rapidly
between
ru
Before
the
era
of
cheap
computers,
the
principle
use
for
multitasking
was
to
allow
many
people
to
share
the
same
computer.
***
seemingly,
multitasking
would
cause
a
computer
that
is
switching
between
several
programs
to
run
more
slowly
-
in
direct
proportion
to
the
number
of
programs
it
is
running.
***
however,
most
programs
spend
much
of
their
time
waiting
for
slow
input/output
dev
Multiprocessing
Main
article:
Multiprocessing
Cray
designed
many
supercomputers
that
used
multiprocessing
heavily.Some
computers
may
divide
their
work
between
one
or
more
***
traditionally,
this
technique
was
utilized
only
in
large
and
powerful
co
Supercomputers
in
particular
often
have
highly
unique
architectures
that
differ
significantly
from
the
basic
stored-program
architecture
and
from
general
purpose
computers.[14]
***
military's
SAGE
system
the
first
large-scale
example
of
such
a
system,
which
led
to
a
number
In
the
1970s,
computer
engineers
at
research
institutions
throughout
the
United
States
began
to
link
their
computers
together
using
telecommunicati
***
this
effort
was
funded
by
ARPA
(now
DARPA),
and
the
computer
network
that
it
produced
was
c
The
Tribes
series
is
set
in
a
distant
future,
spanning
from
33rd
to
40th
century
AD,
while
the
back-story
of
the
games
begins
in
2471,
when
a
scientist
Solomon
***
set
some
time
between
33rd
and
40th
century,
it
shows
the
Great
Human
Empire,
now
ruled
by
"Imperial
King"
Tiberius,
having
hunted
down
(almost)
all
remaining
cybrids
and
ex
The
next
(chronologicall
game
in
the
series,
Starsiege:
Tribes
(1998)
sees
***
the
terrain
is
actually
mapped
to
a
virtual
sphere
far
too
large
to
be
traversed
during
a
game,
though
the
landscape
can
be
seen
to
repeat
itself
if
a
player
e
All
players
are
equipped
with
jetpacks,
allowing
limited
short-duration
flight
and
requiring
***
jetpacks
are
powered
by
the
player's
armor;
the
armor
recharges
its
energy
at
a
slower
rate
than
the
jetpack
uses
it,
requiring
som
The
Tribes
games
emphasize,
and
even
require,
teamwork
and
strategy.
***
games
can
involve
two
teams
of
sixteen
players
each.
***
instead
of
attacking
the
enemy
directly,
a
player
can
decide
to
erect
defenses
such
as
turret
emplacements
and
sensor
networks,
and
Several
different
kinds
of
land
and
air
vehicles
play
an
important
role
in
the
games.
***
transports
allow
someone
to
fly
heavily-armed
teammates
into
enemy
territory.
***
mobile
point
bases
(introduced
in
Tribes
2)
are
heavily
armored
large
trucks
which
provide
At
a
resupply
station,
a
player
can
choose
between
three
kinds
of
armor:
light
armor
can
move
and
fly
quickly,
heavy
armor
is
slow
and
can
take
a
lot
of
hits
and
***
BSiege"
puts
one
side
in
charge
of
defending
a
switch
and
the
other
side's
goal
is
to
touch
it;
if
successful,
the
teams
switch
sides
to
see
if
the
other
team
can
A
detailed
set
of
voice
bindings
allowed
players
to
send
vocal
commands
or
information
to
***
the
sound
clips
used
were
pre-recorded,
and
each
player
could
choose
from
several
different
kinds
of
voices
for
his
Any
player
can
initiate
a
vote
to
boot
another
player
off
(for
example,
if
someone
is
a
teamkiller)
or
to
start
a
new
game
on
a
different
***
the
Windows
versions
of
the
games
feature
a
detailed
scripting
language,
allowing
for
a
wide
range
of
customizations
and
mods.
***
weapons
in
the
games
include
conventional
blasters,
chainguns,
sniper
rifles,
and
grenades.
***
also
available
are
mines,
disc
launchers
(here
called
"spinfusors";
their
projectiles
follow
a
straight
trajectory
and
can
be
deadly
when
used
by
a
skilled
player
[edit]
Versions
Starsiege:
Tribes
still
retains
a
large
community
of
players.
***
it
pioneered
many
elements
ubiquitous
in
many
multiplayer
first
person
shooters
today
(e.g.
***
unreal
Tournament
2004,
Battlefield
1942
etc.).
***
it
is
available
as
a
free
download
from
Fileplanet.
***
a
single
player
version
called
Tribes
Extreme
began
development
shortly
after
the
release
of
Starsiege:
Tribes,
but
was
abandoned
before
completion
[4].
***
tribes
2
added
additional
vehicles
(such
as
a
two-person
tank
and
a
three-person
bomber
with
a
belly
turret),
weapons,
and
items.
***
a
few
details
of
game
play
were
changed;
for
instance,
the
original
game
made
a
player
choose
his
load
out
while
he
was
at
a
A
Mac
port
of
Tribes
2
was
almost
completed,
but
scrapped
before
release.
***
the
graphic
engine
used
in
Tribes
2
was
named
the
Torque
Game
Engine
and
is
available
for
licensing
through
GarageGames
for
fees
starting
at
US$100.
***
tribes
Aerial
Assault
was
a
PlayStation
2
version
of
Tribes
2.
***
developed
by
Inevitable
Entertainment
and
published
by
Sierra,
it
offered
simplified
but
significantly
faster
game
play
(fewer
maps
and
vehicles,
and
a
subset
of
the
original's
voice
commands
A
PC
packaging
of
Tribes
Aerial
Assault
named
Tribes:
Fast
***
a
PC
&
Console
RTS
named
Tribes:
Commander
was
designed
but
never
given
a
green
light
for
full
development.
***
it
used
the
idea
of
the
commander
position
from
Starsiege:
Tribes
game
and
merged
tradition
Tribes
game
play
&sigother,
RTS
game
play,
and
ideas
from
conso
Tribes:
Vengeance
was
a
prequel
to
the
other
games.
***
in
addition
to
multiplayer
support,
it
featured
a
full
single-player
game
with
a
storyline.
***
it
was
developed
by
Irrational
Games
using
a
heavily
modified
Unreal
engine
to
bring
the
game's
appearance
up
March
2006
has
seen
gossip
rife
across
the
net
as
GarageGames
"leaks"
short
videos
of
a
tech
demo
which
features
"tribes
like"
game
play
on
***
the
demo
made
its
debut
at
the
2006
GDC
as
"Legions",
an
obvious
allusion
t
[edit]
Modifications
The
original
Starsiege
Tribes
was
very
friendly
to
modders
(end-user
modification
designers),
and
as
a
result
had
many
mods
(end-user
modifications)
made
of
***
many
were
as
simple
as
weapon
or
armor
characteristic
changes,
while
others
drastically
chang
[edit]
Tribes
Community
Competition
There
were
a
few
organizations
which
sponsored
organized
competition,
usually
in
the
form
of
a
Ladder.
***
the
competition
started
immediately
after
the
release
of
the
game
and
continues
today.
***
the
Online
Gaming
League
(OGL)
This
was
the
first
ladder
sponsoring
a
pure
Tribes
CTF
ladder.
***
the
ladder
had
many
iterations
of
Tribes
gameplay,
including
the
CTF
ladder,
the
popular
Arena
ladder,
and
ladders
for
other
game
modes.
***
initially
just
a
competition
ladder,
it
also
was
the
g
TeamPlay.Net
Teamplay
was
the
"other"
ladder
for
Tribes
gameplay.
***
using
an
interesting
point-value
ranking
based
on
the
number
of
"planets"
currently
in
that
team's
possession,
the
ladder
mixed
game
modes
(CTF,
Defend
and
Destroy,
etc.)
for
an
exciting,
but
ultimatel
TribesOne
Community
(TROC)
TribesOne.com
-
They
***
popular
home
of
Tribes
Renegades
gameplay,
also
known
as
the
renladder.
***
tribes
World
League
(TWL)
This
alternate
ladder
for
Tribes
play
evolved
as
OGL
interest
died
down.
***
now
called
TeamWarfare
League,
TWL
was
the
home
of
popular
Tribes
1
and
Tribes
2
competition
through
the
life
of
the
game.
***
the
Asylum
Tribes
Vengeance
League
(ATVL)
This
was
formed
mostly
by
members
of
the
European
Tribes
Vengeance
community,
after
frustrations
with
other
leagues
and
general
lack
of
any
organised
games.
***
[edit]
Tribes-Based
LAN
Parties
Many
LAN
parties
involving
the
Tribes
community
took
place
while
Starsiege:
Tribes
was
popular.
***
these
were
all
user-created
and
company-sponsor
events.
***
tribesCon
TribesCon
was
a
west-coast
based
LAN
party
for
Tribes
fans
which
was
well
attended
by
Tribes
people.
***
it
got
started
in
1999
and
ran
through
four
iterations
until
2003,
its
final
year.
***
attendance
peaked
in
2002
at
about
250
people.
***
tribesCamp
Organized
and
sponsored
by
a
particularly
disliked
member
of
the
Tribes
community,
this
one-year
event
took
place
in
St.
***
louis
and
was
poorly
attended.
***
tribesGala
2000
Marketed
as
a
LAN
party,
and
manifesting
as
a
press
circus,
this
one-time
LAN
party
was
popularized
by
the
presence
of
many
community
personalities
and
the
attendance
of
the
Tribes
2
development
team.
***
one
notable
event
was
an
individual
disconnecting
and
UVALAN
Indisputably
the
most
successful
of
the
Tribes
LAN
parties,
this
is
the
primary
gathering
for
the
Tribes
community.
***
beginning
in
February
2000,
hosted
by
Tom
Szabo
"Cheater"
and
brother,
Mark
Szabo
"old_skul",
this
event
was
held
annually
in
Chantilly,
V
Tribal
Wars
During
the
marketing
push
for
the
Tribes:Vengeanc
game,
the
UVALAN
organizers
put
aside
the
UVALAN
***
the
event
replaced
both
UVALAN
and
TribesCon,
the
two
largest
LAN
parties
for
Tribes
players
and
Tribalwar
de
Murder
is
the
unlawful
killing
of
a
human
person
with
malice
aforethought.
***
murder
is
generally
distinguished
from
other
forms
of
homicide
by
the
elements
of
malice
aforethought
and
the
lack
of
lawful
justification.
***
all
jurisdictions,
ancient
and
modern,
Sometimes
the
term
murder
is
used
by
laypersons
to
describe
what
is
really
another
form
of
homicide.
***
murder
is
a
type
of
homicide,
and
relatively
few
homicides
are
murders
in
law.
***
also,
police
will
often
call
their
investigation
into
a
murder
a
homicide
Legal
Analysis
of
Murder
To
repeat,
at
common
law
murder
is
defined
as
the
unlawful
killing
of
a
human
person
with
malice
aforethought.
***
malice
aforethought
exists
if
the
defendant
acts
with
any
of
the
following
states
of
mind:
(i)
Intent
to
kill;
(ii)
Intent
to
inflict
serious
bodily
harm;
(iii)
Reckless
indifference
to
an
unjustifiably
high
risk
to
human
life
(abandoned
and
malignant
***
under
element
(i)
intent
to
kill,
the
deadly
weapon
rule
applies.
***
thus,
if
the
defendant
intentionally
uses
a
deadly
weapon
or
instrument
against
the
victim,
such
use
authorizes
a
permissive
inference
of
intent
to
kill.
***
an
example
of
a
deadly
weapon
or
i
Under
element
(iii)
abandoned
and
malignant
heart,
the
killing
must
result
from
defendant's
conduct
involving
a
reckless
indifference
to
human
life
and
a
conscious
disregard
of
an
unreasonable
risk
of
death
or
serious
***
under
element
(iv)
felony-murder
doctrine,
the
felony
committed
must
be
an
inherently
dangerous
felony,
such
as
burglary,
arson,
rape,
robbery
or
kidnapping.
***
hell
appears
in
several
mythologies
and
religions.
***
it
is
commonly
inhabited
by
demons
and
the
souls
of
dead
people.
***
hell
is
often
depicted
in
art
and
literature,
perhaps
most
famously
in
Dante
is
Divine
Comedy.
***
bahá'í
faith
The
Bahá'í
faith
regards
the
conventional
description
of
Hell
(and
heaven)
as
a
specific
place
as
symbolic.[2]
Instead
the
Bahá'í
writings
describe
Hell
as
a
"spiritual
condition"
where
remoteness
from
God
is
defined
as
Hell;
conversely
***
he
explains:
"The
world
beyond
is
as
different
from
this
world
as
this
world
is
different
from
that
of
the
child
while
still
in
the
womb
of
its
mother."[3]
The
analogy
to
the
womb
in
many
ways
summarizes
The
Bahá'í
teachings
state
that
there
exists
a
***
the
Hell
they
refer
to
is
Di
Yu
(trad.
***
_?,
simp.
***
_?;
lit.
***
Bunderground
hold/court").
***
diyu
is
a
maze
of
underground
levels
and
chambers
where
souls
are
taken
to
atone
for
their
The
popular
story
is
that
the
word
Hell
was
introduced
to
China
by
Christian
missionaries,
who
preached
that
all
non-Christian
Chinese
people
would
"go
to
Hell"
***
as
such,
it
was
believed
that
the
word
"Hell"
was
the
proper
English
term
for
The
Chinese
view
Hell
as
similar
to
a
present
day
passport
or
immigration
control
station.
***
in
a
Chinese
funeral,
they
burn
many
Hell
Bank
Notes
for
the
dead.
***
with
this
Hell
money,
the
dead
person
can
bribe
the
ruler
of
Hell,
and
spend
the
rest
of
the
mon
Christianity
Main
article:
Hell
in
Christian
beliefs
Luke
&time
records
Jesus
speaking
about
God's
Judgment:
"But
I
will
forewarn
you
whom
ye
shall
fear:
***
demons
are
said
to
be
the
unrelenting
servants
of
Satan.
***
unbelievers
are
said
to
deserve
Hell
on
account
of
original
In
Christianity,
the
popularly
used
word
Hell,
however,
is
a
translation
of
three
Greek
words:
hades,
Gehenna,
and
Tartarus.
***
hades,
literally
meaning
unseen,
usually
refers
to
the
state
of
death,
which
is
defined
by
some
as
a
conscious
waiting
place
for
While
the
majority
of
Christianity
views
Hell
as
a
place
of
eternal
torment,
some
Christians,
such
as
Universalist
***
the
books
of
Matthew,
Mark,
and
Jude
tell
of
a
place
of
fire,
while
the
books
of
Luke
and
Revelation
report
it
as
a
Russian
Orthodox
Church
mystic
Daniil
Andreev
(1906-1959)
described
Hell
in
his
magnum
opus
Roza
Mira
(Rose
of
the
World).
***
his
vision
significantly
departed
from
the
Christian
tradition,
depicting
an
entire
hierarchy
of
multiple
Sheols
different
in
appea
Deism
Deism
is
the
belief
that
there
is
a
God
that
created
the
physical
universe
but
does
not
interfere
with
it.
***
it
takes
no
position
on
what
God
may
do
outside
the
universe.
***
belief
in
a
punishment
in
the
afterlife
is
neither
necessary
for
nor
excluded
by
deis
Greek
mythology
Main
article:
Tartarus
Hinduism
Main
article:
Naraka
In
Hinduism,
there
are
contradictions
as
to
whether
or
not
there
is
a
Hell
(referred
to
as
'Narak'
***
for
some
it
is
a
metaphor
for
a
conscience.
***
but
in
Mahabharata
there
is
a
mention
of
the
Pandavas
and
the
Kauravas
going
to
Hell.
***
hells
are
also
It
is
believed
that
people
who
commit
'paap'
(sin)
go
to
Hell
and
have
to
go
through
the
punishments
in
accordance
to
the
sins
they
committed.
***
the
god
Yama,
who
is
also
the
god
of
death,
is
the
king
of
Hell.
***
the
detailed
accounts
of
all
the
sins
committe
Tour
of
Vedic
universe
Islam
Main
article:
Jahannam
Muslims
believe
in
jahannam
(in
Arabic:
&sigother????)
(which
is
related
to
the
Hebrew
word
gehennim
and
resembles
the
versions
of
Hell
in
Christianity).
***
in
the
Qur'an,
the
holy
book
of
Islam,
there
are
literal
descriptions
of
the
condemned
in
a
fiery
Hell,
as
co
In
addition,
Heaven
and
Hell
are
split
into
many
different
levels
depending
on
the
actions
perpetrated
in
life,
where
punishment
is
given
***
the
gate
of
Hell
is
guarded
by
Maalik
also
known
as
Zabaaniyah.
***
the
Quran
states
t
Names
of
Hell
according
to
Islamic
Tradition
based
on
the
Quranic
ayah
and
Hadith:
Jahim
Hutamah
Jahannam
Ladza
Hawiah
Saqor
Sae'er
Sijjin
Zamhareer
Although
generally
Hell
is
often
portrayed
as
a
hot
steaming
and
tormenting
place
for
***
Zamhareer
is
seen
as
the
coldest
and
the
most
freezing
Hell
o
The
lowest
pit
of
all
existing
Hells
is
the
Hawiyah
which
is
meant
for
the
Hypocrites
and
two-faced
people
who
claimed
to
believe
in
Allah
and
His
messenger
by
the
tongue
but
denounced
both
***
hypocrisy
is
considered
to
be
the
most
dangerou
The
Qur'an
also
says
that
some
of
those
who
are
damned
to
Hell
are
not
damned
forever,
but
instead
for
an
indefinite
period
of
time.
***
in
any
case,
there
is
good
reason
to
believe
that
punishment
in
Hell
is
not
meant
to
actually
last
eternally,
but
instead
Even
though
in
Islam,
the
devil,
or
shaitan,
is
created
from
fire,
he
suffers
in
Hell
because
Hellfire
is
70
times
hotter
than
the
***
it
was
also
said
that
Shaytan
is
derived
from
shata,
(literally
`burned'),
because
it
was
created
from
Also,
see
Zikri
and
Ahmadiyya
faiths.
***
japanese
religions
Main
article:
Di
Yu
Note:
The
following
viewpoint
does
not
specify
which
Chinese-based
religion
it
is
referring
to.
***
the
structure
of
Hell
is
remarkably
complex
in
many
Chinese
and
Japanese
religions.
***
the
ruler
of
Hell
has
to
deal
with
politics,
just
as
human
rulers
do.
***
hell
is
the
subject
of
many
folk
stories
and
manga.
***
in
many
such
stories,
people
in
Hell
are
able
to
Judaism
Daniel
&time
proclaims
"And
many
of
those
who
sleep
in
the
dust
of
the
earth
shall
awake,
Some
to
everlasting
life,
Some
to
shame
and
everlasting
contempt."
Judaism
does
not
have
a
specific
***
this
is
not
meant
to
refer
to
some
point
in
the
future,
but
to
the
very
present
moment.
***
the
gates
of
teshuva
(return)
are
said
to
be
always
open,
and
so
one
can
align
his
will
w
Also,
Subbotniks
and
Messianic
Judaism
believe
in
Gehenna,
but
Samaritans
probably
believe
in
a
separation
of
the
wicked
in
a
shadowy
existence,
Sheol,
and
the
***
maya
faith
In
Maya
mythology
,Xibalbá
is
the
dangerous
underworld
of
nine
levels
ruled
by
the
demons
Vucub
Caquix
and
Hun
Came.
***
the
road
into
and
out
of
it
is
said
to
be
steep,
thorny
and
very
forbidding.
***
metnal
is
the
lowest
and
most
horrible
of
the
nine
Hells
of
Norse
mythology
Main
article:
Hel
(realm)
Taoism
Ancient
Taoism
had
no
concept
of
Hell,
as
morality
was
seen
to
be
a
man-made
distinction
and
there
was
no
concept
of
an
immaterial
soul.
***
in
its
home
country
China,
where
Taoism
adopted
tenets
of
other
religions,
popular
belief
endows
Taoist
Hell
with
man
Unification
Church
The
Unification
Church
teaches
that
Hell
is
the
condition
of
being
separated
from
God
is
love.
***
hell
can
be
said
to
exist
in
this
world
as
well
as
in
the
afterlife.
***
those
in
the
state
of
Hell
can
repent
by
paying
a
condition
of
indemnity
and
change
their
c
It
is
not
God
who
decides
whether
a
person's
spirit
enters
heaven
or
Hell
upon
his
death;
it
is
decided
by
the
spirit
himself.
***
humans
are
created
so
that
once
they
reach
perfection
they
will
fully
breathe
the
love
of
God.
***
those
who
committed
sinful
deeds
Zoroastrianism
The
Gathas
mention
a
"House
of
the
Lie"
where
those
who
had
more
bad
thoughts,
words,
and
deeds
go.
***
over
the
history
of
this
faith
they
have
believed
in
annihilation
of
the
wicked,
purgation
of
the
wicked
in
molten
metal
and
in
eternal
punishment.
***
it
is
Other
Hells
The
hells
of
Europe
include
Briton
Mythology's
“Anaon”,
Celtic
Mythology's
“Uffern”,
the
hell
of
Lapps
Mythology
and
Ugarian
Mythology
is
“Manala”
leads
to
annihilation.
***
the
hells
in
the
Middle
East
include
Sumerian
Mythology's
“Aralu”;
the
hells
of
Canaa
Hell
in
literature
In
his
Divina
commedia
('Divine
comedy';
set
in
the
year
1300),
Dante
Alighieri
employed
the
conceit
of
taking
Virgil
as
his
guide
through
Inferno
***
virgil
himself
is
not
condemned
to
Hell
John
Milton's
Paradise
Lost
(1667)
opens
with
the
fallen
angels,
including
their
leader
Satan,
waking
up
in
Hell
after
having
been
defeated
in
the
war
in
heaven
and
the
action
returns
there
at
several
points
***
milton
portrayes
Hell
as
19th
century
French
poet
Arthur
Rimbaud
alluded
to
the
concept
as
well
in
the
title
and
themes
of
one
of
his
major
works,
"A
Season
In
Hell".
***
rimbaud
is
poetry
portrays
his
own
suffering
in
a
poetic
form
as
well
as
other
themes.
***
dante
And
Virgil
In
Hell
-
William-Adolphe
BouguereauMany
of
the
great
epics
of
European
literature
include
episodes
that
occur
in
Hell.
***
in
the
Roman
poet
Virgil's
Latin
epic,
the
Aeneid,
Aeneas
descends
into
Dis
(the
underworld)
to
visit
his
father's
sp
In
the
1903
play
"Man
and
Superman",
George
Bernard
Shaw
pictures
Hell
as
a
place
of
idle
worship
of
youth
and
beauty.
***
the
idea
of
Hell
was
highly
influential
to
writers
such
as
Jean-Paul
Sartre
who
authored
the
1944
play
"No
Exit"
about
the
idea
that
"Hell
is
other
people".
***
although
not
a
religious
man,
Sartre
was
fascinated
by
his
interpretation
of
a
Hellish
state
of
s
C.S.
***
lewis's
The
Great
Divorce
(1945)
borrows
its
title
from
William
Blake's
Marriage
of
Heaven
and
Hell
(1793)
and
its
inspiration
from
the
Divine
Comedy
as
the
narrator
is
likewise
guided
through
Hell
and
Heaven.
***
hell
is
portrayed
here
as
an
endless,
d
The
1976
novel
Inferno
by
Larry
Niven
and
Jerry
Pournelle
is
set
in
Dante's
Hell
with
20th
century
protagonists.
***
in
1981,
The
War
Hound
and
the
World's
Pain
by
Michael
Moorcock
the
central
character,
Ulrich
von
Bek
is
taken
on
a
visit
to
Hell
by
Lucifer
who
charges
von
Bek
with
recovering
the
Holy
Grail
(the
world's
pain
of
the
title)
in
order
to
attempt
a
***
although
its
use
was
commonplace
in
everyday
speech
and
on
television
by
the
1970s,
many
people
in
the
US
still
consider
it
somewhat
Euphemistic
ways
of
saying
Hell
"Hell"
is
sometimes
used
as
a
minced
oath,
"heck"
or
"Sam
Hill"
("What
in
the
Sam
Hill
***
another
common
euphemism
for
Hell
is
"The
Other
Place".[8]
Example:
"Gosh
darn
you
to
heck
and
tarnation"
in
place
of
"May
god
damn
you
to
Hell
an
Cold
day
in
Hell
Another
example
of
common
use
of
“Hell”
in
daily
language,
a
“cold
day
in
Hell”
is
a
***
therefore,
an
event
that
will
transpire
“on
a
cold
day
in
Hell”
w
Another
idiom
relating
to
Hell,
that
would
be
used
with
a
request
is
"And
People
In
Hell
Want
Ice
Water".
***
in
Dante's
Inferno,
the
innermost
circle
of
Hell
is
represented
as
a
frozen
lake
of
blood
and
guilt.
***
heaven
may
refer
to
the
physical
heavens,
the
sky
or
the
seemingly
endless
expanse
of
the
universe
beyond.
***
however,
the
term
is
often
used
to
refer
to
a
plane
of
existence
(sometimes
held
to
exist
in
our
own
universe)
in
religions
and
spiritual
philosoph
Contents
[hide]
1
General
origins
2
Getting
into
Heaven
3
In
the
Bahá'í
Faith
4
In
Christianity
4.1
Early
***
please
improve
this
article
if
you
can
(January
2007).
***
originally
the
term
"heaven"
referred
to
the
sky
or
the
area
above
the
earth
where
the
"heavenly
bodies"
are
placed.
***
this
is
the
main
meaning
of
the
word
in
the
Bible.
***
it
was
considered
the
dwelling
place
of
God
and
his
angels.
***
however,
with
time,
the
te
While
there
are
abundant
and
varied
sources
for
conceptions
of
Heaven,
the
typical
believer's
view
appears
to
depend
largely
on
his
religious
tradition
and
particular
sect.
***
generally
religions
agree
on
the
concept
of
Heaven
as
pertaining
to
some
type
of
In
ancient
Judaism,
the
belief
in
Heaven
and
afterlife
was
connected
with
that
of
Sheol
(mentioned
in
Isaiah
&time,
Psalms
&time
and
Job
&time).
***
some
scholars
asserted
that
Sheol
was
an
earlier
concept,
but
this
theory
is
not
universally
held.
***
one
later
J
the
kingdom
of
heaven
(Matthew
&time),
the
kingdom
of
the
Father
(Matthew
&time),
life
(Matthew
&time),
life
everlasting
(Matthew
&time),
the
joy
of
the
Lord
(Matthew
&time),
great
reward
(Matthew
&time),
the
kingdom
of
God
(Mark
&time),
the
***
in
Eastern
religions
(and
some
Western
traditions),
with
their
emphasis
on
reincarnation
and
moksha
(liberation),
the
concept
of
Heaven
is
not
as
prominent,
but
it
still
is
present.[citati
needed]
In
Buddhism,
for
example,
there
are
several
heavens,
***
this,
however,
is
not
part
of
the
doctrine
of
all
of
Christianity
(see
Swedenborgianis
for
a
Christian
related
religion
that
does
have
this
doctrine).
***
some
of
Christiani
Two
related
and
often
confused
concepts
of
heaven
in
Christianity
are
better
described
as
the
"resurrection
of
the
body",
which
is
exclusively
of
Biblical
origin,
as
contrasted
with
"the
immortality
of
the
soul",
which
is
also
evident
***
with
the
dawn
of
the
Age
of
Reason,
science
began
to
challenge
this
notion;[citatio
needed
Several
works
of
written
and
filmed
science
fiction
have
plots
in
which
Heaven
can
be
reached
by
the
living
through
technological
means.
***
an
example
is
Disney
film
The
Black
Hole,
in
which
a
manned
spacecraft
found
both
Heaven
and
Hell
located
at
the
bott
In
the
modern
age
of
science
and
space
flight
the
idea
that
Heaven
is
a
physical
place
in
the
observable
universe
has
largely
been
***
wright,
in
tracing
the
concept
of
Heaven
back
to
its
Jewish
roots,
see
Earth
and
Heaven
as
overlapping
or
interlocking.
***
heaven
is
known
as
God's
space,
his
dimension,
and
is
not
a
place
that
can
be
reached
[edit]
Getting
into
Heaven
Religions
that
teach
about
heaven
differ
on
how
(and
if)
one
gets
into
it.
***
in
most,
entrance
to
Heaven
is
conditional
on
having
lived
a
"good
life"
(within
the
terms
of
the
spiritual
system).
***
a
notable
exception
to
this
is
the
'sola
fide'
belief
of
mainstream
Protestantism[c
needed],
which
takes
emphasis
off
having
lived
a
"good
life"[citation
needed]
and
teaches
instead
that
entrance
to
heaven
is
conditional
on
belief
and
acceptance
***
some
religions
believe
that
other
afterlives
exist
in
addition
to
Heaven
and
Hell,
such
as
Purgatory.
***
one
religion,
un
[edit]
In
the
Bahá'í
Faith
The
Bahá'í
Faith
regards
the
conventional
description
of
heaven
(and
hell)
as
a
specific
place
as
symbolic.
***
instead
the
Bahá'í
writings
describe
heaven
as
a
"spiritual
condition"
where
closeness
to
God
is
defined
as
heaven;
conversely
hell
is
seen
as
a
s
For
Bahá'ís,
entry
into
the
next
life
has
the
potential
to
bring
great
joy.[2]
Bahá'u'lláh
likened
death
***
he
explains:
"The
world
beyond
is
as
different
from
this
world
as
this
world
is
different
from
that
of
the
child
while
still
The
Bahá'í
teachings
state
that
there
exists
a
hierarchy
of
souls
in
the
afterlife,
where
the
merits
of
each
soul
determines
***
each
[edit]
In
Christianity
This
article
is
about
a
person,
place,
or
concept
whose
name
is
originally
rendered
in
the
Syriac
script;
however
the
article
does
not
have
that
version
of
its
name
in
the
article
is
lead
paragraph.
***
anyone
who
is
knowledgeable
enough
with
the
original
la
Historically,
Christianity
has
taught
"Heaven"
as
a
generalized
concept,
a
place
of
eternal
life,
in
that
it
is
a
shared
plane
to
be
attained
by
all
the
pious
and
elect
(rather
than
an
abstract
***
the
Roman
Catholics
believe
that
entering
[[Purgatory
after
death
(physical
rather
than
ego
death)
cleanses
one
of
sin
(period
of
suffering
until
one's
nature
is
perfected),
which
makes
one
acceptable
to
enter
heaven.
***
this
is
valid
for
venial
sin
only,
as
mo
In
some
Protestant
Christian
sects,
eternal
life
depends
upon
the
sinner
receiving
God
is
grace
(unearned
and
undeserved
blessing
stemming
from
God
is
love)
through
faith
in
Jesus'
death
for
their
sins,
his
***
he
referred
to
the
first
as
just
"heaven",
the
second
as
"paradise",
and
the
In
the
2nd
century
AD,
Irenaeus
(a
Greek
bishop)
wrote
that
not
all
who
are
saved
would
merit
an
abode
in
heaven
itself.
***
in
Against
Heresies,
he
wrote
that
only
those
deemed
worthy
would
inherit
a
home
in
heaven,
while
others
would
enjoy
paradise,
and
th
This
short
section
requires
expansion.
***
[edit]
In
Orthodox
Christianity
The
teachings
of
the
Eastern
Orthodox
and
Oriental
Orthodox
communions
regarding
the
Kingdom
of
Heaven,
or
Kingdom
of
God,
is
basically
taken
from
scripture,
and
thus
many
elements
of
this
belief
are
held
in
common
with
***
&time,
&time,
&time,
&time,
&time,
&time,
&time,
Ez.
***
&time,
&time,
Zech
&time,
Matt.
***
&time,
Rev.
***
R1
Eternal
Rule
by
a
Messiah–King—Ps
***
W2,
Jer
&time,
Zech
&time,
&time,
&time,
Matt
&time,
Rev
&time
an
heir
of
David,
Is.
***
&time,
&time
Bodily
perfection—No
hunger,
thirst,
death,
or
sickness;
a
pure
language,
etc.
***
–
Is.
***
&time,
&time,
&time,
&time,
&time,
&time,
Jer.
***
&time,
Ez.
***
&time,
&time,
Micah
&time,
Zeph.
***
&time,
Matt
&time
Ruined
cities
inhabited
by
people
and
flocks
of
sheep—Is.
***
&time,
&time,
Ez.
***
&time8,
Amos
&time
[edit]
In
Roman
Catholicism
The
Roman
Catholic
Church
bases
its
belief
in
Heaven
on
some
main
biblical
passages
in
the
Hebrew
and
Christian
Scriptures
(Old
and
New
Testaments)
and
also
the
books
of
the
apocrypha
and
collected
***
heaven
is
the
Realm
of
the
Blessed
Trinit
The
essential
joy
of
heaven
is
called
the
beatific
vision,
which
is
derived
from
the
vision
of
God
is
essence.
***
the
soul
rests
perfectly
in
God,
and
does
not,
or
cannot
desire
anything
else
than
God.
***
after
the
Last
Judgment,
when
the
soul
is
reunited
with
The
Roman
Catholic
teaching
regarding
Heaven
is
found
in
the
Catechism
of
the
Catholic
Church:
"Those
who
die
(generally
understood
as
physical
death
as
opposed
to
"body
level,"
ego
identity)
in
***
heaven
after
Purgatory,
straight
to
Heaven,
or
Hell.)
This
is
different
from
"the
general
judgement"
also
known
as
"the
Last
judgement"
which
It
is
a
common
Roman
Catholic
belief
that
St.
***
michael
the
Archangel
carries
the
soul
to
Heaven.
***
the
belief
that
Saint
Peter
meets
the
soul
at
the
"Pearly
Gates"
is
an
artistic
application
of
the
belief
that
Christ
gave
Peter,
believed
by
Catholics
to
be
As
Heaven
is
a
place
where
only
the
pure
are
permitted,
no
person
who
dies
in
a
state
of
sin
***
BThose
who
die
in
God
is
grace
and
friendship
and
are
perfectly
purified
live
for
ever
with
Christ.
***
they
are
like
God
for
ever,
for
they
"see
Hi
If
one
were
baptized
validly
and
then
died,
one
would
go
directly
to
heaven
(in
the
Roman
Catholic
belief,
the
sacrament
of
baptism
dissolves
the
eternal
and
temporal
punishment
of
all
sins).
***
if
one
never
committed
a
mortal
sin
and
were
absolved
of
all
h
Most
people
who
enter
Heaven
do
so
through
Purgatory
(or
"place
of
purification").
***
in
Purgatory,
a
soul
pays
off
all
temporal
punishment
one
deserved
for
the
sins
he
committed
in
life.
***
this
does
not
always
happen
though.
***
if
one
receives
the
Sacrament
of
[edit]
In
Protestant
Christianity
The
intermediate
state
(between
death
and
the
resurrection)
is
unclear
in
Protestant
Christian
thought
(see
the
article
on
soul
sleep),
but
the
following
is
generally
concluded
about
the
***
eternal
life,
however,
occurs
in
a
renewed,
unspoilt
and
perfect
creation
(presumably
full
of
plan
(The
Greek
"hê
basileia
tou
ouranou",
usually
translated
as
"the
Kingdom
of
Heaven",
is
indeed
more
literally
"the
rule
of
the
skies",
with
"the
skies"
a
***
see:
Arminianism
Calvinism
[edit]
Seventh-day
Adventist
Main
articles:
Heavenly
sanctuary
and
Seventh-day
Adventist
eschatology
The
Seventh-day
Adventist
understanding
of
heaven
is
based
on
Biblical
writings
which
set
out
the
following:
That
heaven
is
a
***
that
earth
and
all
the
animate
and
inanimate
things
therein
and
within
its
celestial
space
are
products
of
God
is
creative
work.
***
that
God
sent
His
Son,
Jesus
Christ
to
earth
to
live
as
a
human
being,
but
who
"perfectly
exemplified
the
righteousness
and
love
of
God.
***
by
His
miracles
He
manifested
God
is
power
and
was
attested
as
God
is
promised
Messiah.
***
he
suffered
and
died
voluntaril
That
Christ
promises
to
return
as
a
Saviour
at
which
time
He
will
resurrect
the
righteous
dead
and
gather
them
along
with
the
righteous
living
to
heaven.
***
the
unrighteous
will
die
at
Christ
is
second
coming.
***
[8].
***
that
after
Christ's
second
coming
there
will
exist
a
period
of
time
known
as
the
Millennium
during
which
Christ
and
His
righteous
saints
will
reign
and
the
unrighteous
will
be
judged.
***
at
the
close
of
the
Millennium,
Christ
and
His
angels
return
to
earth
"On
the
new
earth,
in
which
righteousness
dwells,
God
will
provide
an
eternal
home
for
the
redeemed
and
a
perfect
environment
for
everlasting
life,
love,
joy,
and
learning
in
His
***
for
here
God
Himself
will
dwell
with
His
people,
and
suffering
an
[edit]
Jehovah's
Witnesses
Jehovah's
Witnesses
hold
the
belief
that
Heaven
is
the
dwelling
place
of
Jehovah
God
and
all
of
His
spirit
creatures,
the
seat
of
His
power
as
Sovereign
of
the
***
the
afterlife
is
divided
first
into
two
levels
until
the
Last
Judgement;
afterwards
it
is
divided
into
four
levels,
the
upper
three
of
whi
Before
the
Last
Judgment,
spirits
separated
from
their
bodies
at
death
go
either
to
Paradise
or
to
Spirit
Prison
***
paradise
is
a
place
of
rest
while
its
inhabitants
continue
learning
in
preparation
for
the
Last
Judgeme
After
the
resurrection
and
Last
Judgement,
people
are
sent
to
one
of
four
levels:
The
Celestial
Kingdom
is
the
highest
level,
with
its
power
and
***
here,
faithful
and
valiant
disciples
of
Christ
who
accepted
the
fullness
of
His
Gospel
and
kept
their
covenants
with
Him
through
following
the
prophets
of
their
d
The
Terrestrial
Kingdom's
power
and
glory
is
comparable
to
that
of
the
moon,
and
is
***
those
placed
in
the
Telestial
Kingdom
suffered
the
pains
of
Hell
after
death
because
they
were
liars,
murderers,
adulterers,
whoremongers,
etc.
***
they
are
eventually
rescued
from
Hell
by
being
Perdition,
or
outer
darkness,
is
the
lowest
level
and
has
no
glory
whatsoever.
***
it
is
reserved
for
Satan,
his
angels,
and
those
who
have
committed
the
unpardonable
sin.
***
this
is
the
lowest
state
possible
in
the
eternities,
and
one
that
very
few
people
born
[edit]
In
Hinduism
In
Hinduism,
with
its
emphasis
on
reincarnation,
the
concept
of
Heaven
is
not
as
prominent.
***
while
heaven
is
temporary
(until
the
next
birth),
the
permanent
state
that
Hindus
aspire
to
is
Moksha.
***
moksha
is
seen
as
the
soul's
liberation
from
the
cycle
of
l
Entry
into
heaven
(swarga
loka)
or
hell
(Naraka)
is
decided
by
the
Lord
of
death
Yama
and
his
karmic
accountant,
Chitragupta,
who
records
the
good
and
bad
deeds
of
a
person
during
his
lifetime.
***
it
must
be
noted
that
Yama
and
Chitragupta
are
subordinate
t
[edit]
In
Buddhism
According
to
Buddhist
Cosmology
the
universe
is
undergoing
cycles
and
beings
are
spread
over
a
number
of
existential
"planes"
in
which
this
human
world
is
only
one
(though
***
the
Buddha
confirmed
the
existence
of
other
worlds,
of
heavens
and
hells
populated
by
celestial
beings[citation
needed].
***
in
the
early
Buddhist
literature,
the
Buddha
himself
was
described
as
having
gone
to
the
heavens
and
meeting
with
the
gods[citation
n
Prominent
among
the
Buddhist
gods
are
Sakka
and
Brahma[citation
needed].
***
sakka
is
like
the
Indra/Zeus
of
the
Buddhist
pantheon[citati
needed].
***
he
is
the
ruler
of
gods
and
stays
in
the
world
of
desires[citatio
needed].
***
sometimes
he
interferes
with
huma
In
Buddhism
the
gods
are
not
immortal,
though
they
may
live
much
longer
than
the
earthly
beings.
***
they
also
are
subject
to
decay
and
change,
and
the
process
of
becoming.
***
the
intensity
and
the
manner
in
which
these
processes
take
place
however
may
be
diffe
However,
all
heavenly
beings
are
regarded
as
inferior
in
status
to
the
Arhats
who
have
attained
Nirvana.
***
the
gods
were
also
from
the
lower
worlds
originally,
but
slowly
and
gradually
graduated
themselves
into
higher
worlds
by
virtue
of
their
past
deeds
a
The
gods
of
Buddhism
are
therefore
not
immortal.
***
neither
their
position
in
the
heavens
is
permanent.
***
they
may
however
live
for
longer
durations
of
time.
***
one
of
the
Buddhist
Sutras
states
that
a
hundred
years
of
our
existence
is
equal
to
one
day
and
one
n
[edit]
In
Islam
Main
article:
Jannah
The
concept
of
heaven
in
Islam
is
similar
to
that
found
in
Judaism
and
Christianity.
***
the
Qur'an
contains
many
references
to
an
afterlife
in
Eden
for
those
who
do
good
deeds.
***
heaven
itself
is
commonly
described
in
the
Qu'ran
in
verse
35
of
Surah
Al-Ra’d:
[edit]
In
Judaism
While
the
concept
of
heaven
(malkuth
hashamaim
&sigother?????
***
_????—The
Kingdom
of
Heaven)
is
well-defined
within
the
Christian
and
Islamic
religions,
the
Jewish
concept
of
the
afterlife,
sometimes
known
as
"olam
haba",
the
world
to
come,
seems
to
have
been
dispu
[edit]
In
Kabbalah
Jewish
mysticism
Jewish
***
in
order
from
lowest
to
highest,
the
seven
Heavens
are
listed
alongside
the
angels
who
govern
them
and
any
further
information:
Shamayim:
The
first
Heaven,
governed
by
Archangel
Gabriel,
is
the
closest
of
heavenly
realms
to
the
Earth;
it
is
also
***
raquia:
The
second
Heaven
is
dually
controlled
by
Zachariel
and
Raphael.
***
it
was
in
this
Heaven
that
Moses,
during
his
visit
to
Paradise,
encountered
the
angel
Nuriel
who
stood
"300
parasangs
high,
with
a
retinue
of
50
myriads
of
angels
all
fashioned
out
Shehaqim:
The
third
Heaven,
under
the
leadership
of
Anahel,
serves
as
***
machon:
The
fifth
Heaven
is
under
the
administration
of
Samael,
an
angel
referred
to
as
evil
by
some,
but
who
is
to
others
merely
a
dark
servant
of
God.
***
Zebul:
The
sixth
Heaven
falls
under
the
jurisdiction
of
Zachiel.
***
araboth:
The
seventh
Heaven,
under
the
leadership
of
Cassiel,
is
the
holiest
of
the
seven
Heavens
provided
the
fact
that
it
houses
the
Throne
of
Glory
attended
by
the
Seven
Archangels
and
serves
as
the
realm
in
which
God
dwells;
underneath
the
throne
***
these
differ
from
one
island
to
another.
***
what
they
share
is
the
view
of
the
universe
as
an
egg
or
coconut
that
is
divided
between
the
world
of
h
[edit]
Maori
Among
the
Maori,
the
heavens
are
divided
into
a
number
of
realms.
***
different
tribes
number
the
heaven
differently,
with
as
few
as
two
and
as
many
as
fourteen
levels.
***
one
of
the
more
common
versions
divides
heaven
thus:
Kiko-rangi,
presided
over
by
the
god
Toumau
Waka-maru,
the
heaven
of
sunshine
and
rain
Nga-roto,
the
heaven
of
lakes
where
the
god
Maru
rules
Hau-ora,
where
the
spirits
of
new-born
children
originate
***
other
Polynesian
peoples
see
them
being
supported
by
gods
(as
in
Hawai'i).
***
in
one
Tahitan
legend,
heaven
is
supported
by
an
octopus.
***
[edit]
Tuamotus
The
Polynesian
conception
of
the
universe
and
its
division
is
nicely
illustrated
by
a
famous
drawing
made
by
a
Tuomotuan
chief
in
1869.
***
here,
the
nine
heavens
are
further
divided
into
left
and
right,
and
each
stage
is
associated
with
a
stage
in
the
evolution
of
the
earth
that
is
portrayed
below.
***
the
lowest
division
represents
a
period
when
the
heavens
hung
low
over
the
earth,
which
was
inhabited
by
animals
that
were
not
known
to
the
islanders.
***
in
the
third
division
is
shown
the
first
murder,
the
first
burials,
and
the
first
canoes,
built
by
Rata
[edit]
Atheist
criticism
of
the
belief
in
Heaven
Atheists
usually
reject
the
existence
of
heaven
and
are
therefore
more
generally
concerned
with
the
***
some
atheists
(and
non-theists
such
as
Buddhists
alike)
have
viewed
the
notion
of
heaven
as
a
sort
of
"opiate
of
the
masses"—a
tool
employed
by
humans
to
cope
with
their
lives'
misery—or
"opiate
for
the
masses"—a
tool
employed
by
authorities
to
bribe
***
in
the
book,
the
animals
were
told
that
after
their
miserable
lives
were
over
they
would
go
to
a
place
in
which
"it
was
Sun
Some
atheists
have
argued
that
a
belief
in
a
reward
after
death
is
poor
motivation
for
moral
behavior
while
alive
[19][20],
***
richard
Dawkins
summed
up
this
view
by
stating
"Promise
a
young
man
that
death
is
not
the
end
and
he
will
willi
...there
would
be
murderers
all
around
the
world
who
want
to
kill
you
and
me
and
themselves
because
they
are
motivated
by
what
they
think
is
***
short,
in
his
book
Something
to
Believe
&time
Is
Kurt
Vonnegut
the
Exorcist
of
Jesus
Christ
Superstar?
***
argues
that
the
typical
portrayal
of
God
-
and
the
ideas
of
heaven
and
hell-
by
mainstream
churches
is
incorrect
and
not
in
line
with
Biblical
Short
also
argues
that,
atheists
tend
not
to
focus
upon
the
concept
of
existence
beyond
life,
because,
if
one
***
the
planets
were
originally
seen
as
a
divine
presence;
as
emissaries
of
the
gods.
***
even
today,
many
people
continue
to
believe
the
movement
of
the
planets
affects
their
The
planets
were
initially
thought
to
orbit
the
Earth
in
circular
motions;
after
the
development
of
the
telescope,
the
planets
were
determined
to
orbit
the
Sun,
and
***
as
observational
tools
improved,
astronomers
sa
Under
IAU
definitions,
there
are
eight
planets
in
the
Solar
System
(Mercury,
Venus,
Earth,
Mars,
Jupiter,
Saturn,
Uranus,
and
Neptune)
and
also
at
least
three
dwarf
planets
(Ceres,
Pluto,
and
Eris).
***
many
of
these
planets
are
orbited
by
one
or
more
moons,
Contents
[hide]
1
Etymology
2
History
3
Definition
and
disputes
4
Formation
5
Within
the
Solar
System
5.1
Dwarf
planets
6
Beyond
the
Solar
System
6.1
Extrasolar
planets
6.2
Interstellar
"planets"
7
***
the
lights
were
first
called
"p?a??ta?"
(planetai),[4]
meaning
"wanderers",
by
The
Greek
practice
of
grafting
of
their
gods'
names
onto
the
planets
was
almost
certainly
borrowed
from
the
Babylonians,
a
contemporary
civilisation
in
what
is
now
Iraq,
from
***
the
order
of
shifts
began
with
Jupiter
and
worked
i
Since
Earth
was
only
generally
accepted
as
a
planet
in
the
17th
century,
there
is
no
tradition
of
naming
it
after
a
god.
***
many
of
the
Romance
languages
(including
French,
Italian,
Spanish
and
Portuguese),
which
are
descended
from
Latin,
retain
the
old
Rom
Some
non-European
cultures
use
their
own
planetary
naming
systems.
***
india
uses
a
naming
system
based
on
the
Navagraha,
which
incorporates
the
seven
traditional
planets
(Sun,
Moon,
Mercury,
Venus,
Mars,
Jupiter,
and
Saturn)
and
the
ascending
and
descending
[edit]
History
See
also:
List
of
Solar
System
bodies
formerly
***
they
shared
the
same
region
of
space,
between
Mars
and
Jupiter,
and
had
a
far
smaller
mass.
***
bodies
such
as
Ceres,
Pallas,
and
Vesta,
which
had
bee
However,
in
the
20th
century,
Pluto
was
discovered.
***
after
initial
observations
led
to
the
belief
it
was
larger
than
Earth,
the
recently-create
IAU
accepted
the
object
as
a
planet.
***
further
monitoring
found
the
body
was
actually
much
smaller,
but,
as
it
w
In
the
1990s
and
early
2000s,
there
was
a
flood
of
discoveries
of
similar
objects
in
the
same
region
of
the
Solar
System.
***
like
Ceres
and
the
asteroids
before
it,
Pluto
was
found
to
be
just
one
small
body
in
a
population
of
thousands.
***
a
growing
number
of
[edit]
Definition
and
disputes
Main
article:
Definition
of
planet
With
the
discovery
during
the
latter
half
of
the
twentieth
century
of
more
objects
within
the
Solar
System
and
large
objects
around
other
stars,
disputes
arose
over
***
there
was
particular
disagreement
over
whether
an
object
The
largest
Trans-Neptunian
objects
that
prompted
the
IAU's
decision.In
2003,
The
International
Astronomical
Union
(IAU)
Working
Group
on
Extrasolar
Planets
made
a
position
statement
on
the
***
free-floating
objects
in
young
star
clusters
with
masses
below
the
limiting
mass
for
thermonuclear
fusion
of
deuterium
are
not
"planets",
but
are
"sub-brown
dwarfs"
(or
whatever
name
is
most
appropriate).
***
this
definition
has
since
been
widely
used
by
astronomers
when
publishing
discoveries
in
journals,[21]
although
it
remains
a
temporary
yet
effective,
working
definition
until
a
more
permanent
one
is
formally
adopted.
***
it
also
did
not
address
the
dispute
o
This
matter
was
finally
addressed
during
the
2006
meeting
of
the
IAU
is
General
Assembly.
***
after
much
debate
and
one
failed
proposal,
the
assembly
voted
to
pass
a
resolution
that
defined
planets
within
the
Solar
System
&time
A
celestial
body
that
is
(a)
in
orbit
around
the
Sun,
(b)
has
sufficient
mass
for
its
self-gravity
to
overcome
rigid
***
under
this
definition,
the
Solar
System
is
considered
to
have
eight
planets.
***
bodies
which
fulfill
the
first
two
conditions
but
not
the
third
(such
as
Pluto
and
Eris)
are
classified
as
dwarf
planets,
providing
they
are
not
also
natural
satellites
of
other
This
definition
is
based
in
modern
theories
of
planetary
formation,
in
***
as
described
by
astronomer
Steven
Soter:
"The
end
product
of
secondary
disk
accretion
is
a
small
number
of
relatively
large
bodies
(planets)
in
either
non-intersectin
or
resonant
orbits,
which
prevent
collisions
between
them.
***
asteroids
and
comets,
including
KBOs,
differ
from
planets
in
that
th
In
the
aftermath
of
the
IAU's
2006
vote,
there
has
been
criticism
of
the
new
definition,[23]
and
some
astronomers
have
even
stated
that
they
will
not
use
it.[24]
Part
of
the
dispute
***
more
recently,
the
discove
[edit]
Formation
Main
article:
Planetary
formation
It
is
not
known
with
certainty
how
planets
are
formed.
***
the
prevailing
theory
is
that
they
are
formed
during
the
collapse
of
a
nebula
into
a
thin
disk
of
gas
and
dust.
***
a
protostar
forms
at
the
core,
surrounded
by
a
rotating
protoplanetary
disk.
***
through
ac
An
artist's
impression
of
protoplanetary
disk.When
the
protostar
has
grown
such
that
it
ignites
to
form
a
star,
the
surviving
disk
is
removed
from
the
inside
outward
by
photoevaporatio
the
solar
wind,
Poynting-Robert
drag
and
other
***
the
interior
of
the
planet
begins
to
differentiate
by
mass,
developing
a
denser
core.
***
smaller
terres
With
the
discovery
and
observation
of
planetary
systems
around
stars
other
than
our
own,
it
is
becoming
possible
to
elaborate,
revise
or
even
replace
this
account.
***
the
level
of
metallicity—a
astronomical
term
describing
the
abundance
of
isotopes
with
an
[edit]
Within
the
Solar
System
The
terrestrial
planets:
Mercury,
Venus,
Earth,
Mars
(Sizes
to
scale)
The
four
gas
giants
against
the
Sun:
Jupiter,
Saturn,
Uranus,
***
HSizes
to
scale.)Main
article:
Solar
System
According
to
the
IAU's
current
definitions
there
are
eight
planets
in
the
Solar
System.
***
the
largest
is
Jupiter,
at
318
Earth
masses.
***
the
smallest
is
Mercury,
at
0.055
Earth
masses.
***
in
increasing
distance
from
the
Sun,
the
planets
are:
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
The
larger
bodies
of
the
Solar
System
can
be
divided
into
categories
based
on
their
composition:
Terrestrials:
Planets
(and
possibly
dwarf
***
gas
giants:
Planets
with
a
composition
largely
made
up
of
gaseous
material
and
are
significantly
more
massive
than
terrestrials:
Jupiter,
Saturn,
Uranus,
Neptune.
***
ice
giants
are
a
sub-class
of
gas
giants,
distinguished
from
gas
giants
by
their
depletion
Planetary
attributes
Name
Equatorial
diameter[a]
Mass[a]
Orbital
radius
(AU)
Orbital
period
(years)
Inclination
to
Sun
is
equator
(°)
Orbital
eccentricity
Rotation
***
b
See
Earth
article
for
absolute
values.
***
[edit]
Dwarf
planets
Main
article:
Dwarf
planet
Before
the
August
2006
decision,
several
objects
were
proposed
by
astronomers,
including
at
one
stage
by
the
IAU,
as
planets.
***
however
in
2006
several
of
these
objects
were
reclassified
as
dwarf
planets,
objects
distinct
from
planets.
***
currently
three
dwar
Dwarf
planetary
attributes
Name
Equatorial
diameter[c]
Mass[c]
Orbital
radius
(AU)
Orbital
period
(years)
Inclination
to
ecliptic
(°)
Orbital
eccentricity
Rotation
period
(days)
Moons
Rings
Atmosphere
Ceres
0.08
0.0002
2.76
4.60
***
temporary
c
Measured
relative
to
the
Earth.
***
by
definition,
all
dwarf
planets
are
members
of
larger
populations.
***
ceres
is
the
largest
body
in
the
asteroid
belt,
while
Pluto
is
a
member
of
the
Kuiper
belt
and
Eris
is
a
member
of
the
scattered
disc.
***
according
to
Mike
Brown
there
may
soon
be
over
fort
[edit]
Beyond
the
Solar
System
[edit]
Extrasolar
planets
Main
article:
Extrasolar
planet
Since
the
1988
discovery
of
Gamma
Cephei
Ab,
a
number
of
confirmed
discoveries
have
been
made
of
planets
***
of
the
267
extrasolar
planets
discovered
by
November
2007,
most
have
masses
which
are
comparable
to
or
larger
than
It
is
far
from
clear
if
the
newly
discovered
large
planets
would
resemble
the
gas
giants
in
the
Solar
System
or
if
they
are
of
an
entirely
***
in
particular,
some
of
the
newly-discovere
p
More
detailed
observation
of
extrasolar
planets
will
require
a
new
generation
of
instruments,
including
space
telescopes.
***
currently
the
CoRoT
spacecraft
is
searching
for
stellar
luminosity
variations
due
to
transiting
planets.
***
several
projects
have
also
[edit]
Interstellar
"planets"
Main
article:
Interstellar
planetary
mass
object
Several
computer
simulations
of
stellar
and
planetary
system
formation
have
suggested
that
some
objects
of
planetary
mass
would
be
ejected
into
***
since
it
was
not
found
in
orbit
around
a
fusing
star,
it
is
a
sub-brown
dwarf
according
to
the
IAU's
working
de
[edit]
Attributes
Although
each
planet
has
unique
physical
characteristics
a
number
of
broad
commonalities
do
exist
between
them.
***
some
of
these
characteristics
such
as
rings
or
natural
satellites,
have
only
as
yet
been
observed
in
planets
in
the
Solar
System,
whilst
oth
[edit]
Dynamic
characteristics
See
also:
Kepler's
laws
of
planetary
motion
[edit]
Orbit
The
orbit
of
the
planet
***
note
the
elongation
of
Pluto's
orbit
in
relation
to
Neptune's
(eccentricity),
as
well
as
its
large
angle
to
the
ecliptic
(inclination)Al
planets
revolve
around
stars.
***
in
the
Solar
System,
all
th
Each
planet's
orbit
is
delineated
by
a
set
of
elements:
The
eccentricity
of
an
orbit
describes
how
elongated
a
planet's
orbit
is.
***
planets
with
low
eccentricities
have
more
circular
orbits,
while
planets
with
a
high
eccentricities
have
more
elliptical
orbits.
***
the
planets
in
our
Solar
System
have
very
low
eccen
an
illustration
of
the
semi-major
axisThe
semi-major
axis
is
the
distance
from
a
planet
to
the
half-way
point
along
the
longest
diameter
of
its
elliptical
orbit
(see
image).
***
this
distance
is
not
necessarily
the
same
as
its
apasteron,
as
no
planet's
orbit
In
our
Solar
System,
the
inclination
of
a
planet
tells
how
far
above
or
below
the
plane
of
Earth's
orbit
(called
the
ecliptic)
a
planet's
orbit
lies.
***
the
eight
planets
of
our
Solar
System
all
lie
very
close
to
the
ecliptic;
comets
and
Kuiper
belt
objects
[edit]
Rotation
The
planets
also
rotate
around
invisible
axes
through
their
centres.
***
a
planet's
rotation
period
is
known
as
its
day.
***
all
planets
in
the
Solar
System
rotate
in
a
counter-clockwi
direction,
except
for
Venus,
which
rotates
clockwise[52]
(Uranus
is
general
[edit]
Axial
tilt
Planets
also
have
varying
degrees
of
axial
tilt;
they
lie
at
an
angle
to
the
plane
of
the
their
***
this
causes
the
amount
of
light
received
by
each
hemisphere
to
vary
over
the
course
of
its
year;
when
the
northern
hemisphere
points
away
fro
[edit]
Orbital
clearance
The
defining
dynamic
characteristic
of
a
planet
is
that
it
has
cleared
its
***
in
effect,
it
orbits
its
star
in
isolation,
as
opposed
to
sharing
its
orbit
with
a
multitude
of
similar-sized
objects.
***
this
characteristic
was
mandated
as
part
of
th
[edit]
Physical
characteristics
[edit]
Mass
A
planet's
defining
physical
characteristic
is
that
it
is
massive
enough
for
the
force
of
its
own
gravity
to
dominate
over
the
electromagnetic
forces
binding
its
***
this
effectively
means
th
Mass
is
also
the
prime
attribute
by
which
planets
are
distinguished
from
stars.
***
the
upper
mass
limit
for
planethood,
beyond
which
it
achieves
conditions
suitable
for
nuclear
fusion,
is
roughly
13
times
Jupiter
is
mass.
***
no
objects
of
such
mass
exist
in
our
The
smallest
known
planet,
excluding
dwarf
planets
and
satellites,
is
PSR
B1257+12
a,
one
of
the
first
extrasolar
planets
discovered,
which
was
found
in
1992
in
orbit
around
a
pulsar.
***
its
mass
is
roughly
half
that
of
the
planet
Mercury.[61]
[edit]
Internal
differentiation
Every
planet
began
its
existence
in
an
entirely
fluid
state;
in
early
formation,
the
denser,
heavier
materials
sank
to
the
centre,
leaving
the
lighter
materials
***
each
therefore
has
a
differentiated
interior
consisting
of
a
dense
planetar
[edit]
Atmospheres
All
of
the
planets
have
atmospheres
as
their
large
masses
mean
gravity
is
strong
enough
to
keep
gaseous
particles
close
to
the
surface.
***
the
larger
gas
giants
are
massive
enough
to
keep
large
amounts
of
the
light
gases
Hydrogen
and
Helium
close
by,
althou
[edit]
Secondary
characteristics
Planets
in
our
Solar
System
possess
orbital
resonances
in
their
own
right.
***
many
have
natural
satellites,
often
called
"moons."
Mercury
and
Venus
have
no
moons,
the
Earth
has
one,
and
Mars
has
two,
but
the
gas
giants
all
have
numerous
moons
in
complex
pla
The
four
largest
planets
in
the
Solar
System
are
also
orbited
by
***
the
rings
are
composed
primarily
of
dust
or
particulate
matter,
but
can
host
tiny
'moonlets'
whose
gravity
shapes
and
maintains
their
structu
No
secondary
characteristics
have
been
observed
around
extrasolar
planets.
***
however
the
sub-brown
dwarf
Cha
110913-773444,
which
has
been
described
as
a
rogue
planet,
is
believed
to
be
orbited
by
a
tiny
protoplanetary
disc.[76]
The
'sky'
of
a
world
refers
to
the
view
of
the
heavens
from
its
surface.
***
this
view
varies
from
world
to
world
for
many
reasons.
***
the
most
important
factor
in
the
appearance
of
a
world's
sky
is
its
atmosphere,
or
the
lack
thereof.
***
depending
on
the
atmosphe
This
article
explains
what
an
observer
on
various
worlds
in
the
solar
system
and
beyond
would
see
from
their
surfaces.
***
much
of
this
material
is
duplicated
from
the
entries
on
individual
planets,
moons,
comets,
asteroids,
and
other
bodies
but
is
assembled
Contents
[hide]
1
Mercury
1.1
The
Sun
from
Mercury
1.2
Other
planets
seen
from
Mercury
2
Venus
3
The
Moon
3.1
The
Sun
***
mercury
has
a
southern
polar
star,
a
Pictoris,
a
magnitude
3.2
star.
***
it
is
fainter
than
Earth's
Polaris
(a
Ursae
Minoris).
***
[edit]
The
Sun
from
Mercury
The
visible
diameter
of
the
Sun
on
Mercury
is
2.5
times
larger
than
it
appears
from
Earth
on
average,
and
more
than
6
times
brighter.
***
however,
because
of
its
eccentric
orbit
the
Sun's
apparent
size
in
the
sky
would
vary
from
2.2
times
larger
than
on
Eart
Mercury
has
a
&time
spin-orbit
resonance.
***
this
means
that
although
a
sidereal
day
(the
period
of
rotation)
lasts
~58.7
Earth
days,
a
solar
day
(the
length
between
two
meridian
transits
of
the
Sun)
lasts
~176
Earth
days.
***
mercury's
spin-orbit
resonance
generates
an
unusual
effect
in
which
the
Sun
appears
to
briefly
reverse
its
usual
east
to
west
motion
once
every
Mercurian
year.
***
the
effect
is
visible
wherever
one
happens
to
be
on
Mercury,
but
there
are
certain
points
on
M
[edit]
Other
planets
seen
from
Mercury
After
the
Sun,
the
second
brightest
object
in
the
Mercurian
sky
is
Venus,
which
is
much
brighter
than
for
terrestrial
***
the
reason
for
this
is
that
when
Venus
is
closest
to
Earth,
it
is
between
the
Earth
and
the
Sun,
so
we
see
only
its
night
sid
The
Earth
and
the
Moon
are
also
very
prominent,
their
apparent
magnitudes
being
about
-5.2
and
-1.2
respectively.[c
***
all
other
planets
are
visible
just
as
they
are
o
The
zodiacal
light
is
probably
more
prominent
than
it
is
from
Earth.
***
[edit]
Venus
The
atmosphere
of
Venus
is
so
thick
that
the
Sun
is
not
distinguishable
in
the
daytime
sky,
and
the
stars
are
invisible
at
night.
***
color
images
taken
by
the
Soviet
Venera
probes
suggest
that
the
sky
on
Venus
is
yellow-orange.
***
if
the
Sun
could
be
seen
from
An
observer
aloft
in
Venus'
cloud
tops,
on
the
other
hand,
would
whip
around
the
planet
in
about
four
days
and
be
treated
to
a
sky
in
which
Earth
and
the
Moon
shine
brightly
(about
magnitudes
-6.7
and
-2.7,
***
however,
the
Sun
is
so
bright
that
it
is
impossible
to
see
stars
during
the
daytime,
unless
the
observer
is
well
shielded
from
sunlight
(direct
or
reflected
from
the
ground).
***
the
Moon
has
a
southern
[edit]
The
Sun
from
the
Moon
The
Sun
looks
the
same
from
the
Moon
as
it
does
from
Earth,
except
that
it
is
somewhat
brighter
(and
colored
pure
white)
due
to
the
lack
of
atmospheric
scattering
and
absorption,
although
the
sun
is
***
its
visible
diameter
(1.9°)
is
four
times
the
diameter
of
t
As
a
result
of
the
Moon's
synchronous
rotation,
one
side
of
the
Moon
(the
"near
side")
is
permanently
turned
towards
Earth,
and
the
other
side,
the
"far
side",
mostly
cannot
be
seen
from
Earth.
***
this
means,
conversely,
that
the
Earth
can
only
be
seen
from
If
the
Moon's
rotation
were
purely
synchronous,
the
Earth
would
not
have
any
noticeable
movement
in
the
Moon's
sky.
***
however,
due
to
the
Moon's
libration,
the
Earth
does
perform
a
slow
and
complex
wobbling
movement.
***
once
a
month,
as
seen
from
the
Moon,
th
[edit]
Eclipses
from
the
Moon
The
Earth
and
the
Sun
sometimes
meet
in
the
lunar
sky,
causing
an
eclipse.
***
on
the
Earth,
one
then
sees
a
lunar
eclipse,
in
which
the
Moon
passes
through
the
Earth's
shadow,
but
on
the
Moon,
one
would
see
the
Sun
go
behind
the
Earth
—
causing
a
solar
ecli
Terrestrial
solar
eclipses,
on
the
other
hand,
would
not
be
spectacular
***
lunar
observers
with
telescopes
might
simply
see
a
small
darkened
spot
travel
across
the
full
In
summary,
whenever
an
eclipse
of
some
sort
is
occurring
on
the
Earth,
an
eclipse
of
another
sort
is
occurring
on
the
Moon.
***
eclipses
occur
for
both
Earth
and
Lunar
observers
whenever
the
two
bodies
and
the
Sun
align
in
a
straight
line.
***
[edit]
Mars
See
also:
Astronomy
on
Mars
Mars
has
only
a
thin
atmosphere;
however,
it
is
extremely
dusty
and
there
is
much
light
that
is
scattered
about.
***
the
sky
is
thus
rather
bright
during
the
daytime
and
stars
are
not
visible.
***
the
Martian
pole
star
is
Deneb
[2]
(although
the
actual
pole
is
s
[edit]
The
color
of
the
Martian
sky
Mars'
sky
turned
violet
by
water
ice
clouds
Mars
sky
at
noon
as
imaged
by
Mars
Pathfinder
Mars
sky
at
sunset,
as
imaged
by
Mars
Pathfinder
Close-up
of
***
around
sunset
and
sunrise,
sky
is
pinkish-red
in
colour,
but
in
the
vicinity
of
the
setting
Sun
it
is
blue.
***
this
is
the
opposite
of
the
situation
on
Earth.
***
at
tim
On
Mars,
Rayleigh
scattering
is
usually
a
very
weak
effect;
the
red
color
of
the
sky
is
caused
by
the
presence
of
Iron
(III)
oxide
in
the
airborne
dust
particles.
***
[edit]
The
Sun
from
Mars
The
Sun
as
seen
from
Mars
is
seen
1.6
times
smaller
(0.35°)
than
on
Earth,
and
sends
2.5
times
less
light,
approximately
the
brightness
of
a
slightly
cloudy
afternoon
on
Earth.
***
a
detailed
analysis
of
the
Sun's
movements
as
seen
from
Mars
can
be
found
in
[edit]
Mars'
moons
as
seen
from
Mars
Phobos
transits
the
Sun,
as
seen
by
Mars
Rover
Opportunity
on
March
10,
2004Mars
has
two
small
moons:
Phobos
and
Deimos.
***
from
the
Martian
surface,
Phobos
has
one-third
to
half
the
angular
diameter
of
the
Sun,
but
Deimos
is
barely
more
than
a
dot
(only
2'
Deimos
rises
in
the
east
and
sets
in
the
west,
like
a
"normal"
moon,
although
its
appearance
is
star-like
(angular
***
its
brightness
would
vary
between
that
of
Venus
and
of
the
star
Vega
(as
seen
from
Earth).
***
being
relativel
Phobos
and
Deimos
can
both
eclipse
the
Sun
as
seen
from
Mars,
although
neither
can
completely
cover
its
disk
and
so
the
event
is
in
fact
a
transit,
rather
than
an
eclipse.
***
for
a
detailed
description
of
such
events
see
the
articles
Transit
of
Phobos
from
[edit]
Earth
from
Mars
The
Earth
is
visible
from
Mars
as
a
double
star;
the
Moon
would
be
visible
alongside
it
as
a
fainter
companion.
***
the
maximum
visible
distance
between
the
Earth
and
the
Moon
would
be
about
25',
at
inferior
conjunction
of
the
Earth
and
the
Sun
(for
the
terr
[edit]
The
skies
of
Mars'
moons
From
Phobos,
Mars
appears
6,400
times
larger
and
2,500
times
brighter
than
the
***
from
Deimos,
Mars
appears
1,000
times
larger
and
400
times
brighter
than
the
full
Moon
as
seen
from
Earth,
taking
up
an
eleventh
of
the
width
of
a
celestial
hemisphere.
***
[edit]
Asteroids
The
asteroid
belt
is
sparsely
populated
and
most
asteroids
are
very
small,
so
that
an
observer
situated
on
one
asteroid
would
be
unlikely
to
be
able
to
see
another
without
the
aid
of
a
telescope.
***
occasional
"close
approaches"
do
occur,
but
these
are
spre
Some
asteroids
that
cross
the
orbits
of
planets
may
occasionally
get
close
enough
to
a
planet
or
asteroid
so
that
an
observer
from
that
asteroid
can
make
out
the
disc
of
the
nearby
object
***
for
example,
in
Sept
Asteroids
with
unusual
orbits
also
offer
a
lot
to
the
imagination.
***
for
instance,
the
asteroid
(or
more
likely,
extinct
comet)
3200
Phaethon
has
one
of
the
most
eccentric
orbits;
its
distance
from
the
Sun
varies
between
0.14
and
2.4
AUs.
***
at
perihelion,
th
[edit]
87
Sylvia
and
its
moons
Romulus
and
Remus
From
the
surface
of
the
asteroid
87
Sylvia,
its
two
moons
Romulus
and
Remus
would
appear
roughly
the
same
size.
***
romulus,
the
farther
one,
would
be
about
0.89°
across,
slightly
bigger
than
the
closer
but
smaller
Remus,
which
would
be
about
0.78°
across.
***
b
[edit]
Jupiter
Although
no
images
from
within
Jupiter's
atmosphere
have
ever
been
taken,
artistic
representations
typically
assume
that
the
planet's
sky
is
blue,
at
least
in
the
upper
reaches
of
the
atmosphere.
***
the
planet's
narrow
rings
might
be
faintly
visible
from
la
From
Jupiter,
the
Sun
appears
to
cover
only
5
arc
minutes,
less
than
a
quarter
of
its
size
as
seen
from
Earth.
***
[edit]
Jupiter's
moons
as
seen
from
Jupiter
Simulated
view
of
Io,
Europa,
and
the
rings
of
Jupiter
seen
from
their
parent
planetAside
from
the
Sun,
the
most
prominent
objects
in
Jupiter's
sky
are
the
four
Galilean
moons.
***
io,
the
nearest
to
the
planet,
would
be
slightly
larger
than
the
full
Moon
in
Ganymede,
the
largest
moon
and
third
from
Jupiter,
is
almost
as
bright
as
Io
and
Europa,
but
appears
only
half
the
size
of
Io.
***
callisto,
still
further
out,
is
only
a
quarter
the
size
of
the
full
Moon.
***
all
four
Galilean
moons
also
stand
out
because
of
the
Jupiter's
small
inner
moons
appear
only
as
starlike
points,
and
most
of
the
outer
moons
would
be
invisible
to
the
naked
eye.
***
[edit]
The
skies
of
Jupiter's
moons
None
of
Jupiter's
moons
have
more
than
traces
of
atmosphere,
so
their
skies
are
black
or
very
nearly
so.
***
for
an
observer
on
one
of
the
moons,
the
most
prominent
feature
of
the
sky
would
be,
of
course,
Jupiter.
***
for
an
observer
on
Io,
the
closest
large
moo
Since
the
inner
moons
of
Jupiter
are
in
synchronous
rotation
around
Jupiter,
the
planet
always
appears
in
nearly
the
same
spot
in
their
skies
(Jupiter
would
wiggle
a
bit
because
of
the
non-zero
***
observers
on
the
sides
of
the
Galilean
sate
From
the
moons
of
Jupiter,
solar
eclipses
caused
by
the
Galilean
satellites
would
be
spectacular,
as
an
observer
would
see
the
circular
shadow
of
the
eclipsing
moon
travel
across
Jupiter
is
face.
***
[edit]
Saturn
View
of
Saturn's
rings
seen
from
its
equator
View
of
Saturn's
rings
seen
from
a
latitude
above
its
equatorThe
sky
in
the
upper
reaches
of
Saturn's
atmosphere
is
probably
blue,
but
the
predominant
color
of
its
cloud
decks
suggests
that
it
***
the
rings
of
Saturn
are
almost
Saturn's
moons
would
not
look
particularly
impressive
in
its
sky,
as
most
are
fairly
small,
and
the
largest
are
a
long
way
from
the
planet.
***
even
Titan,
the
largest
moon
of
Saturn,
appears
only
half
the
size
of
Earth's
moon.
***
here
are
the
approximate
angul
Saturn
has
a
southern
polar
star,
d
Octantis,
a
magnitude
4.3
star.
***
it
is
much
fainter
than
Earth's
Polaris
(a
Ursae
Minoris).
***
[edit]
The
skies
of
Saturn's
moons
Since
the
inner
moons
of
Saturn
are
all
in
synchronous
rotation,
the
planet
always
appears
in
the
same
spot
in
their
skies.
***
observers
on
the
sides
of
those
satellites
facing
away
from
the
planet
would
never
see
Saturn.
***
in
the
skies
of
Saturn's
inner
moons,
Saturn
is
an
enormous
object.
***
for
instance,
Saturn
seen
from
Pan
has
an
apparent
diameter
of
~50°,
104
times
larger
than
our
Moon
and
occupying
11%
of
Pan
is
sky.
***
because
Pan
orbits
along
the
Encke
division
within
Sat
[edit]
The
rings
from
Saturn's
moons
Saturn's
rings
would
not
be
prominent
from
most
of
the
moons.
***
this
is
because
the
rings,
though
wide,
are
not
very
thick,
and
most
of
the
moons
orbit
almost
exactly
(within
1.5°)
in
the
planet
is
ring
plane.
***
thus,
the
rings
are
edge-on
and
practically
inv
[edit]
The
sky
of
Titan
Image
of
the
surface
of
Titan
from
the
Huygens
probeTitan
is
the
only
moon
in
the
solar
system
to
have
a
thick
atmosphere.
***
images
from
the
Huygens
probe
show
that
the
Titanian
sky
is
a
light
tangerine
color.
***
it
seems
likely
that
Saturn
is
permanently
inv
[edit]
The
sky
of
Enceladus
Figure
&time
An
artist's
view
of
Enceladus'
sky.Seen
from
Enceladus,
Saturn
would
have
a
visible
diameter
of
almost
30°,
sixty
times
more
than
the
Moon
visible
from
Earth.
***
moreover,
since
Enceladus
rotates
synchronously
with
its
orbital
period
and
therefor
Saturn's
rings
would
be
seen
from
an
angle
of
only
0.019°
and
would
be
almost
invisible,
but
their
shadow
on
Saturn's
disk
would
be
clearly
distinguishable
***
like
our
own
Moon
from
Earth,
Saturn
itself
would
show
regular
phases.
***
from
Enceladus,
the
Sun
wo
An
observer
located
on
Enceladus
could
also
observe
Mimas
(the
biggest
satellite
located
inside
Enceladus'
orbit)
transit
in
front
of
Saturn
every
72
hours
on
average.
***
its
apparent
size
would
be
at
most
26
minutes
of
arc,
about
the
same
size
as
the
Moon
[edit]
Uranus
Judging
by
the
colour
of
its
atmosphere,
the
sky
of
Uranus
is
likely
greenish-blue.
***
it
is
probable
that
the
planet's
rings
can
not
be
seen
from
its
surface,
as
they
are
very
thin
and
dark.
***
uranus
has
a
northern
polar
star,
Sabik
&sigother(?
***
ophiuchi),
a
magnitude
2
Uranus
is
unusual
in
that
the
obliquity
of
its
ecliptic
is
82°
(angle
between
the
orbital
and
rotational
poles).
***
the
North
Pole
of
Uranus
points
to
somewhere
near
&sigother?
***
ophiuchi,
about
15°
northeast
of
Antares
and
thus
its
South
Pole
halfway
between
Betelgeu
Uranus'
moons
would
not
look
very
large
from
the
surface
of
their
parent
planet.
***
the
angular
diameters
of
the
five
large
moons
are
as
follows
(for
comparison,
Earth's
moon
measures
31'
for
terrestrial
observers):
Miranda:
11-15',
Ariel:
18-22',
Umbriel:
[edit]
Neptune
Judging
by
the
color
of
its
atmosphere,
the
sky
of
Neptune
is
***
it
is
probable
that
the
planet's
rings
can
not
be
seen
from
its
surface,
as
they
are
very
thin
and
dark.
***
aside
from
the
Sun,
the
most
impressive
object
in
Neptune's
sky
is
its
large
moon
Triton,
which
would
appear
slightly
smaller
than
a
full
Moon
on
Earth.
***
it
moves
more
swiftly
than
our
Moon,
because
of
its
shorter
period
(5.8
days)
compounded
by
its
retro
[edit]
The
sky
of
Triton
Simulated
view
of
Neptune
in
the
sky
of
TritonTriton,
Neptune's
largest
moon,
has
an
atmosphere,
but
it
is
so
thin
that
the
***
because
Triton
orbits
with
synchronous
rotation,
Neptune
al
[edit]
Pluto
and
Charon
Artist's
concept
of
the
surface
of
Pluto's
small
satellite
Hydra.
***
pluto
&
Charon
(right)
&
Nix
(bright
dot
on
left).Pluto,
accompanied
by
its
largest
moon
Charon,
orbits
the
sun
at
a
distance
usually
outside
the
orbit
of
Neptune
except
for
a
twenty-year
From
Pluto,
the
Sun
is
still
very
bright,
having
a
magnitude
***
nonetheless,
human
observers
would
find
a
large
decrease
in
Pluto
and
Charon
are
tidally
locked
to
each
other.
***
this
means
that
Charon
always
presents
the
same
face
to
Pluto,
and
Pluto
also
always
presents
the
same
face
to
Charon.
***
observers
on
the
far
side
of
Charon
from
Pluto
would
never
see
the
dwarf
planet;
obs
[edit]
Comets
The
sky
of
a
comet
changes
dramatically
as
it
nears
the
Sun.
***
during
perihelion,
a
comet's
ices
begin
to
sublime
from
its
surface,
forming
tails
of
gas
and
dust,
and
a
coma.
***
an
observer
on
a
comet
nearing
the
Sun
might
see
the
stars
slightly
obscured
by
a
[edit]
Extrasolar
planets
For
observers
on
extrasolar
planets,
the
constellations
would
be
quite
different.
***
the
Sun
would
be
visible
to
the
naked
human
eye
only
at
distances
below
20–25
parsecs
(65–80
light
years).
***
the
star
ß
Comae
Berenices
is
slightly
more
luminous
than
the
Sun
If
the
Sun
were
observed
from
the
Alpha
Centauri
system,
the
nearest
star
system
to
ours,
it
would
appear
to
be
a
bright
star
in
the
constellation
Cassiopeia.
***
it
would
be
almost
as
bright
as
Capella
is
in
our
sky.
***
a
hypothetical
planet
around
either
a
Centauri
A
or
B
would
see
the
other
star
as
a
very
bright
secondary.
***
for
example,
an
Earth-like
planet
at
1.25
Astronomical
Units
from
a
Cen
A
(with
a
revolution
period
of
1.34
a)
would
get
Sun-like
illumination
from
From
40
Eridani,
16
light
years
away,
the
Sun
would
be
an
average
looking
star
of
about
apparent
***
at
this
distance
most
of
the
stars
nearest
to
us
would
be
in
different
locations
than
in
our
sky,
including
From
a
planet
orbiting
Aldebaran,
65
light
years
away,
the
Sun
would
appear
slightly
above
Antares
of
our
constellation
Scorpio,
and
at
magnitude
***
constellations
made
of
bright,
far-away
stars
would
look
very
The
Sun
(Latin:
Sol)
is
the
star
at
the
center
of
the
Solar
System.
***
it
is
a
medium
size
star.
***
the
Earth
and
other
matter
(including
other
planets,
asteroids,
meteoroids,
comets
and
dust)
orbit
the
Sun,
which
by
itself
accounts
for
about
99.8%
of
the
sola
The
surface
composition
of
the
Sun
consists
of
hydrogen
(about
74%
of
its
mass,
or
92%
of
***
the
V
(Roman
five)
suffix
indicates
that
the
Sun,
like
most
stars,
is
a
main
sequence
star.
***
this
means
that
it
generates
its
energy
by
nuclear
fusion
of
hydrog
The
Sun
orbits
the
center
of
the
Milky
Way
galaxy
at
a
distance
of
approximately
26,000
light-years
from
the
galactic
center,
completing
one
revolution
in
about
225–250
million
years.
***
the
orbital
speed
is
217
km/s,
equivalent
to
one
light-year
every
1,40
It
is
currently
traveling
through
the
Local
Interstellar
Cloud
in
the
low-density
Local
Bubble
zone
of
diffuse
high-temperatur
gas,
in
the
inner
rim
of
the
Orion
Arm
of
the
Milky
***
contents
[hide]
1
Overview
2
Life
cycle
3
Structure
3.1
Core
3.2
Radiative
zone
3.3
Convection
zone
3.4
Photosphere
3.5
Atmosphere
4
Chemical
composition
4.1
Element
abundances
4.1.1
Lithium,
Beryllium,
and
Boron
4.1.2
Neon
4.1.3
Helium
4.1.4
***
these
Sunlight
is
Earth's
primary
source
of
energy.
***
the
solar
constant
is
the
amount
of
power
that
the
Sun
deposits
per
unit
area
that
is
directly
exposed
to
sunlight.
***
the
solar
constant
is
equal
to
approximately
1,370
watts
per
square
meter
of
area
at
a
dista
Ultraviolet
light
from
the
Sun
has
antiseptic
properties
and
can
be
used
to
sanitize
tools
and
water.
***
it
also
causes
sunburn,
and
has
other
medical
effects
such
as
the
production
of
Vitamin
D.
***
ultraviolet
light
is
strongly
attenuated
by
Earth's
ozone
lay
Observed
from
Earth,
the
Sun's
path
across
the
sky
varies
throughout
the
year.
***
the
shape
described
by
the
Sun's
position,
considered
at
the
same
time
each
day
for
a
complete
year,
is
called
the
analemma
and
resembles
a
figure
8
aligned
along
a
north/sout
The
Sun
is
a
magnetically
active
star.
***
it
supports
a
strong,
changing
magnetic
field
that
varies
year-to-year
and
reverses
direction
about
every
eleven
years
around
solar
maximum.
***
the
Sun's
magnetic
field
gives
rise
to
many
effects
that
are
collectively
Although
it
is
the
nearest
star
to
Earth
and
has
been
intensively
studied
by
scientists,
many
questions
about
the
Sun
remain
unanswered,
such
as
why
its
outer
atmosphere
has
a
***
the
nascent
star
assumed
a
nearly
circular
orbit
about
26,000
light-years
fro
The
Sun
is
about
halfway
through
its
main-sequence
evolution,
during
which
nuclear
fusion
reactions
in
its
core
fuse
hydrogen
into
helium.
***
each
second,
more
than
4
million
tonnes
of
matter
are
converted
into
energy
within
the
Sun's
core,
producing
neutri
The
Sun
does
not
have
enough
mass
to
explode
as
a
supernova.
***
instead,
in
5–6
billion
years,
it
will
enter
a
red
giant
phase,
its
outer
layers
expanding
as
the
hydrogen
fuel
in
the
core
is
consumed
and
the
core
contracts
and
heats
up.
***
helium
fusion
will
b
Life-cycle
of
the
Sun
Following
the
red
giant
phase,
intense
thermal
pulsations
will
cause
the
Sun
to
throw
off
its
outer
layers,
forming
a
planetary
nebula.
***
the
only
object
that
will
remain
after
the
outer
layers
are
ejected
is
the
extremely
hot
stellar
core,
which
will
slow
Structure
An
illustration
of
the
structure
of
the
SunThe
Sun
is
a
yellow
dwarf
star.
***
it
comprises
approximately
99%
of
the
total
mass
of
the
solar
system.
***
the
Sun
is
a
near-perfect
sphere,
with
an
oblateness
estimated
at
about
9
millionths,[11]
which
means
that
it
The
Sun
does
not
have
a
definite
boundary
as
rocky
planets
do;
in
its
outer
parts
the
density
of
its
gases
drops
approximately
exponentially
***
nevertheless,
the
Sun
has
a
well-defined
interior
structure,
The
solar
interior
is
not
directly
observable,
and
the
Sun
itself
is
opaque
to
electromagnetic
radiation.
***
however,
just
as
seismology
uses
waves
generated
by
earthquakes
to
reveal
the
interior
structure
of
the
Earth,
the
discipline
of
helioseismology
mak
Core
Cross-section
of
a
solar-type
star.
***
HNASA)The
core
of
the
Sun
is
considered
to
extend
from
the
center
to
about
0.2
solar
radii.
***
it
has
a
density
of
up
to
150,000
kg/m³
(150
times
the
density
of
water
on
Earth)
and
a
temperature
of
close
to
13,600,000
kel
About
3.4×1038
protons
(hydrogen
nuclei)
are
converted
into
helium
nuclei
every
second
(out
of
~8.9×1056
total
amount
of
free
***
the
rate
of
nuclear
fusion
depends
strongly
on
density
and
temperature,
so
the
fusion
rate
in
the
core
is
in
a
self-correcting
equilibrium:
a
slightly
higher
rate
of
fusion
would
cause
the
core
to
heat
up
more
and
expand
slightly
against
the
weight
of
***
each
gamma
ray
in
the
Sun's
core
is
converted
into
several
million
visible
light
photons
before
escaping
into
spac
Radiative
zone
From
about
0.2
to
about
0.7
solar
radii,
solar
material
is
hot
and
dense
enough
that
thermal
radiation
is
sufficient
to
***
in
this
zone
there
is
no
thermal
convection;
while
the
material
grows
cooler
as
altitud
Convection
zone
Structure
of
the
SunIn
the
Sun's
outer
layer
(down
to
approximately
70%
of
the
solar
radius),
the
solar
plasma
is
not
dense
enough
or
hot
enough
to
***
as
a
result,
thermal
convection
occurs
as
The
thermal
columns
in
the
convection
zone
form
an
imprint
on
the
surface
of
the
Sun,
in
the
form
of
the
solar
granulation
and
supergranulatio
***
the
turbulent
convection
of
this
outer
part
of
the
solar
interior
gives
rise
to
a
"small-scale"
dynamo
that
p
Photosphere
The
visible
surface
of
the
Sun,
the
photosphere,
is
the
layer
below
which
the
Sun
becomes
opaque
to
visible
light.
***
above
the
photosphere
visible
sunlight
is
free
to
propagate
into
space,
and
its
energy
escapes
the
Sun
entirely.
***
the
change
in
opacity
is
d
During
early
studies
of
the
optical
spectrum
of
the
photosphere,
some
absorption
lines
were
found
that
did
not
correspond
to
any
chemical
elements
then
known
on
Earth.
***
in
1868,
Norman
Lockyer
hypothesized
that
these
absorption
lines
were
because
of
a
new
Atmosphere
During
a
total
solar
eclipse,
the
solar
corona
can
be
seen
with
the
naked
eye.The
parts
of
the
Sun
above
the
photosphere
are
referred
to
collectively
as
***
they
can
be
viewed
with
telescopes
operating
across
the
electromagnetic
spectru
The
coolest
layer
of
the
Sun
is
a
temperature
minimum
region
about
500
km
above
the
photosphere,
with
a
temperature
of
about
4,000
K.
***
this
part
of
the
Sun
is
cool
enough
to
support
simple
molecules
such
as
carbon
monoxide
and
water,
which
can
be
detected
Above
the
temperature
minimum
layer
is
a
thin
layer
about
2,000
km
thick,
dominated
by
a
spectrum
of
emission
and
absorption
lines.
***
it
is
called
the
chromosphere
from
the
Greek
root
chroma,
meaning
color,
because
the
chromosphere
is
visible
as
a
colored
Taken
by
Hinode's
Solar
Optical
Telescope
on
January
12,
2007,
this
image
of
the
Sun
reveals
the
filamentary
nature
of
the
plasma
***
the
corona
merges
smoothly
with
the
solar
wind
that
fills
the
solar
system
and
heliosphere.
***
the
low
corona,
which
is
very
near
the
surface
of
the
The
heliosphere
extends
from
approximately
20
solar
radii
(0.1
AU)
to
the
outer
fringes
of
the
solar
system.
***
its
inner
boundary
is
defined
as
the
layer
in
which
the
flow
of
the
solar
wind
becomes
superalfvénic—t
is,
where
the
flow
becomes
faster
than
Chemical
composition
The
Sun,
just
like
any
star
and
any
object
in
the
universe,
is
composed
of
chemical
***
various
scientists
have
analysed
these
elements
to
find
out
their
abundances,
their
relations
to
planetary
elements,
and
their
diffusion
(distribution)
within
t
Element
abundances
According
to
Bahcal
(1990)[19]
cited
in
Thoul
(1993:15)[20],
the
***
neon
In
2005,
three
academics
claimed
that
the
neon
abundance
in
the
Sun
may
be
higher
than
previously
thought,
based
on
helioseismologi
observations
(Bahcall
et
al
2005[22]).
***
helium
It
is
also
interesting
to
note
that
until
at
least
1986
the
generally
accepted
initial
helium
content
of
the
Sun
was
Y=0.25,
but
two
academics
in
1986
claimed
that
the
value
Y=0.279
is
more
correct
(Lebreton
and
Maeder
1986:119[23]).
***
singly-ionised
iron
group
elements
In
1970s,
much
research
focused
on
the
abundances
of
iron
group
elements
in
the
Sun(Biemont
1978[24];
and
Ross
and
Aller
1976,
Withbroe
1976,
Hauge
and
Engvold
1977,
cited
in
Biemont
1978[24]).
***
the
first
largely
complete
set
of
gf
values
of
singly-ionised
iron
group
elements
were
made
available
first
by
Corliss
and
Bozman
(1962
cited
in
Biemont
1978[24])
and
Warner
(1967
cited
in
Biemont
1978[24]),
and
improved
f
values
were
computed
by
Smith
***
solar
and
planetary
mass
fractionation
relationship
Various
authors
have
considered
the
existence
of
a
mass
fractionation
relationship
between
the
isotopic
compositions
of
solar
and
planetary
noble
gases
(Signer
and
Suess
1963;
Manuel
1967;
Marti
1969;
***
element
diffusion
in
the
Sun
The
Sun,
just
like
any
star
and
any
object
in
the
universe,
is
composed
of
chemical
elements.
***
of
particular
scientific
interest
is
the
diffusion
of
these
elements
inside
the
Sun,
ie
their
distribution
inside
the
star
is
interior.
***
the
diffusion
of
solar
el
Helium
diffusion
Of
specialist
scientific
interest
is
the
diffusion
of
helium
in
the
solar
interior.
***
it
has
been
found
that
the
diffusion
process
of
helium
speeds
up
with
time
(Noerdlinger
1977[25]).
***
composition
of
the
photosphere
The
composition
of
the
photosphere,
ie
the
surface
layers
of
the
Sun,
is
usually
taken
as
representative
of
the
chemical
composition
of
the
primordial
solar
system,
except
for
deuterium,
Li,
B,
and
Be
(Aller
1968[26]).
***
solar
cycles
Main
article:
Sunspots
Sunspots
and
the
sunspot
cycle
Measurements
of
solar
cycle
variation
during
the
last
30
years.When
observing
the
Sun
with
appropriate
filtration,
the
most
immediately
visible
features
are
usually
its
sunspots,
which
***
at
a
typical
solar
minimum,
few
sunspots
are
visible,
and
occasionally
none
at
all
can
be
seen.
***
those
that
do
appear
are
at
high
solar
l
History
of
the
number
of
observed
sunspots
during
the
last
250
years,
which
shows
the
~11-year
solar
cycle.The
solar
cycle
has
a
great
influence
on
space
weather,
and
is
a
significant
influence
on
the
Earth
is
***
solar
activity
minima
tend
to
be
cor
Possible
long
term
cycle
A
recent
theory
claims
that
there
are
magnetic
instabilities
in
the
core
of
the
Sun
which
cause
fluctuations
with
periods
of
either
41,000
or
100,000
years.
***
these
could
provide
a
better
explanation
of
the
ice
ages
than
the
Milankovitch
cycles.
***
like
many
Theoretical
problems
Solar
neutrino
problem
For
many
years
the
number
of
solar
electron
neutrinos
detected
on
Earth
was
one
third
to
one
half
of
the
number
predicted
by
the
standard
solar
model.
***
this
anomalous
result
was
termed
the
solar
neutrino
problem.
***
theories
proposed
to
resolve
the
problem
e
Coronal
heating
problem
The
optical
surface
of
the
Sun
(the
photosphere)
is
known
to
have
a
temperature
of
approximately
6,000
K.
***
above
it
lies
the
solar
corona
at
a
temperature
of
1,000,000
K.
***
the
high
temperature
of
the
corona
shows
that
it
is
heated
by
something
other
than
d
It
is
thought
that
the
energy
necessary
to
heat
the
corona
is
provided
by
turbulent
motion
in
the
convection
zone
below
the
photosphere,
and
two
main
mechanisms
have
***
the
first
is
wave
heating,
in
which
sound,
gra
Currently,
it
is
unclear
whether
waves
are
an
efficient
heating
mechanism.
***
all
waves
except
Alfvén
waves
have
been
found
to
dissipate
or
refract
before
reaching
the
corona.[33]
In
addition,
Alfvén
waves
do
not
easily
dissipate
in
the
corona.
***
current
rese
Faint
young
Sun
problem
Main
article:
Faint
young
Sun
paradox
Theoretical
models
of
the
Sun's
development
suggest
that
3.8
to
2.5
billion
years
ago,
during
the
Archean
period,
the
Sun
was
only
about
75%
as
bright
as
it
is
today.
***
such
a
weak
star
would
not
have
been
able
to
sustain
liquid
water
on
the
Earth's
surfac
Magnetic
field
See
also:
Stellar
magnetic
field
The
heliospheric
current
sheet
extends
to
the
outer
reaches
of
the
Solar
System,
and
results
from
the
influence
of
***
the
plasma
in
the
interplanetary
medium
i
History
of
solar
observation
Early
understanding
of
the
Sun
The
Trundholm
Sun
chariot
pulled
by
a
horse
is
a
sculpture
believed
to
be
illustrating
an
important
part
of
Nordic
Bronze
Age
mythology.Human
most
***
for
teaching
this
heresy,
The
theory
that
the
Sun
is
the
center
around
which
the
planets
move
was
apparently
proposed
by
the
ancient
Greek
Aristarchus
and
Indians
(see
Heliocentrism).
***
this
view
was
revived
in
the
16th
century
by
Nicolaus
Copernicus.
***
in
the
early
17th
century,
the
In
the
early
years
of
the
modern
scientific
era,
the
source
of
the
Sun's
energy
was
a
significant
puzzle.
***
lord
Kelvin
suggested
that
the
Sun
was
a
gradually
cooling
liquid
body
that
was
radiating
an
internal
store
of
heat.[40]
Kelvin
and
Hermann
von
Helm
Not
until
1904
was
a
substantiated
solution
offered.
***
ernest
Rutherford
suggested
that
the
Sun's
output
could
be
maintained
by
an
internal
source
of
heat,
and
suggested
radioactive
decay
as
the
source.[42]
However
it
would
be
Albert
Einstein
who
would
pro
In
1920
Sir
Arthur
Eddington
proposed
that
the
***
these
probes
orb
In
the
1970s,
Helios
1
and
the
Skylab
Apollo
Telescope
Mount
provided
scientists
with
significant
new
data
on
solar
wind
and
the
solar
corona.
***
the
Helios
1
satellite
was
a
joint
U.S.-German
probe
that
studied
the
solar
wind
from
an
orbit
carrying
the
spa
In
1980,
the
Solar
Maximum
Mission
was
launched
by
NASA.
***
this
spacecraft
was
designed
to
observe
gamma
rays,
X-rays
and
UV
radiation
from
solar
flares
during
a
time
of
high
solar
activity.
***
just
a
few
months
after
launch,
however,
an
electronics
failure
c
Japan
is
Yohkoh
(Sunbeam)
satellite,
launched
in
1991,
observed
solar
flares
at
X-ray
wavelengths.
***
mission
data
allowed
scientists
to
identify
several
different
types
of
flares,
and
also
demonstrated
that
the
corona
away
from
regions
of
peak
activity
was
One
of
the
most
important
solar
missions
to
date
has
been
the
Solar
and
Heliospheric
Observatory,
***
originally
a
two-year
mission,
SOHO
has
now
operated
for
over
ten
year
The
Sun's
south
pole,
taken
by
STEREO
solar
observation
mission.
***
material
can
be
seen
erupting
off
the
Sun
in
the
lower
right
side
of
the
image.All
these
satellites
have
observed
the
Sun
from
the
plane
of
the
ecliptic,
and
so
have
only
observed
its
equat
Elemental
abundances
in
the
photosphere
are
well
known
from
***
a
solar
wind
sample
return
mission,
Genesis,
was
designed
to
allow
astronomers
to
directly
measur
The
Solar
Terrestrial
Relations
Observatory
(STEREO)
mission
was
launched
in
October
2006.
***
two
identical
spacecraft
were
launched
into
orbits
that
cause
them
to
(respectively)
pull
further
ahead
of
and
fall
gradually
behind
the
Earth.
***
this
enables
stereo
If
one
were
to
observe
it
from
Alpha
Centauri,
the
closest
star
system,
the
Sun
would
appear
to
be
in
the
constellation
Cassiopeia.
***
sun
observation
and
eye
damage
The
Sun
as
it
appears
through
a
camera
lens
from
the
surface
of
EarthSunlight
is
very
bright,
and
looking
directly
at
the
Sun
with
the
naked
eye
for
brief
periods
can
be
painful,
but
is
not
particularly
hazardous
for
***
an
attenuating
(ND)
filter
does
not
generally
filter
UV
and
so
is
still
dangerous.
***
u
Partial
solar
eclipses
are
hazardous
to
view
because
the
eye's
pupil
is
not
adapted
to
the
unusually
high
visual
contrast:
the
pupil
dilates
according
to
the
total
amount
of
light
in
the
field
of
view,
not
by
the
brightest
object
in
the
field.
***
during
par
During
sunrise
and
sunset,
sunlight
is
attenuated
due
to
Rayleigh
scattering
and
Mie
scattering
from
a
particularly
long
passage
through
Earth's
atmosphere
and
the
direct
Sun
is
sometimes
faint
enough
to
be
viewed
comfortably
with
the
naked
***
filters
on
telescopes
or
binoculars
should
be
on
the
objective
lens
or
aperture,
Solar
cultural
history
Like
other
natural
phenomena,
the
Sun
has
been
an
object
of
veneration
in
many
cultures
throughout
human
history.
***
sol
(pronounced
/s?l/
in
English)
is
the
Latin
word
for
"sun".
***
the
Latin
name
is
widely
known,
but
not
common
in
general
English
language
us
The
term
sol
is
used
by
planetary
astronomers
to
refer
to
the
duration
of
a
solar
day
on
Mars.[62]
A
mean
Earth
solar
day
is
approximately
24
hours.
***
a
mean
Martian
solar
day,
or
"sol",
is
24
hours,
39
minutes,
and
35.244
seconds.[63]
See
also
Timekeeping
Sol
is
also
the
modern
word
for
"Sun"
in
Portuguese,
Spanish,
Icelandic,
Danish,
Norwegian,
Swedish,
Catalan
and
Galician.
***
the
Peruvian
currency
nuevo
sol
is
named
after
the
Sun
(in
Spanish),
like
its
successor
(and
predecessor,
in
use
1985–1991)
the
Int
In
East
Asia
the
Sun
is
given
the
symbol
&sigother?
***
HChinese
pinyin
rì)
though
it
is
also
called
&sigother??
***
Htài
yáng).
***
in
Vietnamese
these
Han
words
are
known
as
nh?t
and
thái
duong,
respectively
though
the
native
Vietnamese
word
m?t
tr?i
literally
means
face
of
the
hea
Lexx
is
a
science
fantasy
TV
series
that
follows
the
adventures
of
a
group
of
mismatched
individuals
***
the
Lexx
is
a
living
spacecraft
that
rese
The
series
is
a
Canadian/German
co-production,
with
some
additional
funding
from
Britain
is
Five.
***
not
originally
produced
for
a
US
network,
the
series
features
more
sexual
innuendo
and
nudity
than
United
States'
audience
are
generally
accustomed
to
seeing
Lexx
was
co-produced
by
Salter
Street
Films,
later
absorbed
by
Alliance
Atlantis.
***
in
Canada,
Lexx
aired
on
the
Alliance
Atlantis-owned
Showcase
network.
***
the
series
was
primarily
filmed
in
Halifax
(Nova
Scotia,
Canada)
and
Berlin
(Germany);
with
additional
filming
on
location
in
Iceland,
Bangkok
(Thailand)
and
Namibia.
***
contents
[hide]
1
Characters
1.1
The
crew
1.2
Villains
2
The
Lexx
3
The
Light
Universe
and
Dark
Zone
3.1
The
Cluster
3.2
Fire
3.3
Water
4
Essential
Minor:
4.1
People
4.2
Places
4.3
Hardware
and
Technology
Elements
5
Episodes
5.1
DVD
Releases
6
Broadcast
***
each
episode
in
the
later
ser
The
crew
of
the
Lexx
includes:
Stanley
H.
***
tweedle
(Brian
Downey)
Security
guard
4th
class,
agent
of
a
failed
rebellion,
and,
by
accident,
captain
of
the
Lexx
Zev/Xev
Bellringer
of
planet
B3K,
a
half
cluster
lizard,
renegade
love
slave.
***
played
by
Eva
Habermann
(as
Zev)
in
the
first
season
and
the
first
2
episodes
of
the
second
season,
and
Xenia
Seeberg
(as
Xev)
thereafter
790
(Jeffrey
Hirschfield),
a
robot
head
that
received
the
love
slave
programming
meant
for
Zev,
in
love
first
with
***
the
Lexx
itself
(voiced
by
Tom
Gallant),
with
which
Stanley
regularly
interacts
Lyekka
(Louise
Wischermann),
man-eating
plant
woman
and
occasional
Lexx
crew
member
[edit]
Villains
His
Divine
Shadow,
ruler
of
the
Divine
Order
(first
series)
The
***
first
appearance
I
Worship
His
Shadow
Last
appearance
Yo
Way
Yo
Launched
The
Cluster
General
Characteristics
Auxiliary
craft
Moths
Armaments
Simply
known
as
'Lexx
is
weapon'
that
is
powerful
enough
to
destroy
planets.
***
the
Lexx
is
a
bioengineered,
Manhattan-sized
planet-destroyi
living
starship
in
the
shape
of
a
giant
wingless
dragonfly.
***
it
was
grown
by
ingesting
organ
collections
on
the
Cluster,
the
seat
of
the
Divine
Order,
for
use
by
His
Divine
Shadow.
***
while
His
The
mechanics
of
the
Lexx
are
rather
exotic.
***
the
ship
responds
only
to
the
possessor
of
the
key,
who
is
the
ship
is
captain.
***
commands
are
carried
out
by
voice
of
the
captain;
however,
a
hand-shaped
beacon
on
the
bridge
appears
to
confirm
important
orders,
The
Lexx
needs
to
eat
constantly
to
stay
alive
and
useful,
and
can
land
on
a
planet's
surface
to
scoop
up
suitable
organic
***
when
denied
food,
the
Lexx
can
becom
The
Lexx
also
hosts
a
contingent
of
smaller
bio-engineered
ornithopter-lik
craft
called
"moths",
which
the
crew
often
use
for
short-range
travel
in
space,
in
a
planet's
atmosphere,
or
even
within
the
vast
Lexx
***
the
moths
are
insect-like
ships
(as
The
most
important
function
of
the
Lexx
is
its
ability
to
destroy
entire
planets
with
a
single,
high-powered
blast.
***
its
primary
—
and
only
—
weapon
is
initiated
by
command
from
the
captain
only,
followed
by
a
highly
dramatic
sequence
when
the
Ocular
Para
The
technological
irony
of
the
Lexx
is
also
apparent
in
its
tremendously
specialized
function
and
organic
body.
***
an
example
of
this
is
the
complete
and
utter
lack
of
a
diversified
weapons
system,
which
is
not
common
to
most
science
fiction
warships.
***
also,
While
the
Lexx
is
a
machine
of
sorts,
it
is
also
alive,
and
its
gender
is
a
matter
of
some
mystery.
***
the
exterior
of
the
Lexx
may
be
described
as
suggestive
of
a
stylized
female
(humanlike)
form,
viewed
from
below,
with
a
skeletal
spinal
column
extending
When
the
Lexx
arrives
on
Earth,
it
becomes
pregnant,
suggesting
that
the
ship
is
in
fact
female
***
similarly,
when
a
sex-chan
The
Lexx
ages
several
thousand
years
during
the
run
of
the
series,
and
in
later
seasons
its
advanced
age
and
decrepitude
following
millennia
of
starvation
and
neglect
lead
to
it
becoming
increasingly
unstable.
***
in
the
final
episode
of
the
series,
Lexx
die
[edit]
The
Light
Universe
and
Dark
Zone
In
the
fictional
television
series
"Lexx,"
there
are
two
universes:
the
Light
Universe
and
the
Dark
Zone.
***
two
of
the
Season
1
movies
and
the
whole
of
Seasons
3
and
4
take
place
in
the
Dark
Zone,
while
two
of
the
Season
1
movies
and
nearly
all
of
Season
2
The
Light
Universe
was
completely
dominated
by
His
Divine
Shadow
and
the
League
of
20,000
Planets,
while
***
the
Brunnen-G
originally
lived
in
the
Dark
Zone
on
Brunnis,
until
t
Most
of
the
matter
in
the
Light
Universe
was
converted
into
biomechanical
drones
(Mantrid
drones)
by
Mantrid,
who
then
caused
a
Big
Crunch
by
summoning
all
the
Mantrid
drones
to
a
***
little
matter
esca
The
Dark
Zone
is
the
parallel
universe
that
His
Divine
Shadow
cannot
enter.
***
the
Dark
Zone
is
referred
to
as
the
universe
of
chaos
and
disorder.
***
it
is
also
where
the
crew
finds,
among
other
inhabited
planets,
Earth,
where
they
spend
the
entirety
of
the
fo
[edit]
The
Cluster
Main
article:
The
Cluster
Another
major
setting
in
the
world
of
"Lexx"
is
The
Cluster.
***
the
Cluster
is
at
the
very
center
of
the
Divine
Order
and
is
also
the
planet
from
which
Zev,
Stan,
and
Kai
escape
in
the
beginning.
***
his
Divine
Shadow,
his
Divine
Predecessors,
and
religious
lea
[edit]
Fire
Main
article:
Fire.
***
BFire
&
Water"Fire
is
an
inhospitable
planet,
with
its
entire
surface
covered
in
desert
and
open
seas
of
lava.
***
even
when
the
sun
beats
down
mercilessly
on
the
desert
sands,
the
ground
below
is
hotter
still
than
the
sky
above.
***
fire
is
said
to
have
no
wate
[edit]
Water
Main
article:
Water.
***
the
inhabitants
of
Water
live
in
several
large
floating
settlements,
each
of
which
seems
to
be
centered
around
some
particular
pastime.
***
during
their
stay
on
Water,
the
crew
of
the
Lexx
visit
the
settlements
of
Gametown,
for
those
who
like
sports;
Boomtow
In
physics,
quantum
mechanics
is
the
study
of
the
relationship
between
energy
quanta
(radiation)
and
matter,
in
particular
that
***
quantum
mechanics
is
a
fundamental
and
necessary
branch
of
physics
with
wide
appl
Contents
[hide]
1
Overview
2
History
3
Relativity
and
quantum
mechanics
4
Attempts
at
a
unified
theory
5
Quantum
mechanics
and
classical
physics
6
Theory
6.1
Mathematical
***
the
discovery
that
waves
have
discrete
energ
It
is
currently
necessary
to
use
quantum
mechanics
to
understand
the
behavior
of
systems
at
atomic
length
scales
and
smaller.
***
for
example,
if
Newtonian
mechanics
governed
the
workings
of
an
atom,
electrons
would
rapidly
travel
towards
and
collide
with
th
Quantum
mechanics
was
initially
developed
to
provide
a
better
explanation
of
the
atom,
especially
the
spectra
of
light
***
the
quantum
theory
of
the
atom
developed
as
an
explanation
for
the
electron's
staying
in
its
orbit
In
the
formalism
of
quantum
mechanics,
the
state
of
a
system
at
a
given
time
is
described
by
a
complex
wave
function
(sometimes
referred
to
as
orbitals
in
***
this
abstrac
The
other
exemplar
that
led
to
quantum
mechanics
was
the
study
of
electromagnetic
waves
such
as
light.
***
when
it
was
found
in
1900
by
Max
Planck
that
the
energy
of
waves
could
be
described
as
consisting
of
small
packets
or
quanta,
Albert
Einstein
exploited
Broadly
speaking,
quantum
mechanics
incorporates
four
classes
of
phenomena
that
classical
physics
***
although
Planck
insisted
that
this
was
simply
an
aspect
of
the
absorption
and
radiation
of
energy
and
had
nothing
to
do
with
the
physical
reality
of
the
energy
itself,
in
1905,
to
explain
the
photoel
[edit]
Relativity
and
quantum
mechanics
The
modern
***
the
defining
postulates
of
both
Einstein's
theory
of
relativity
and
Einstein
himself
is
well
known
for
rejecting
some
of
the
claims
of
quantum
mechanics.
***
while
clearly
inventive
in
this
field,
he
did
not
accept
the
more
exotic
corollaries
of
quantum
mechanics,
such
as
the
lack
of
deterministic
causality
and
the
assertion
There
do
exist
quantum
theories
which
incorporate
special
relativity—for
example,
***
gravity
is
negl
[edit]
Attempts
at
a
unified
theory
Main
article:
Quantum
gravity
Inconsistencies
arise
when
one
tries
to
join
the
quantum
laws
with
general
relativity,
a
more
elaborate
description
of
spacetime
which
incorporates
gravitation.
***
resolving
these
inconsistencies
has
been
a
major
goal
of
twentieth-
and
twenty-first-ce
[edit]
Quantum
mechanics
and
classical
physics
Predictions
of
quantum
mechanics
have
been
verified
experimentally
to
a
very
high
degree
of
accuracy.
***
thus,
the
current
logic
of
correspondence
principle
between
classical
and
quantum
mechanics
is
that
all
objects
obey
laws
of
quantum
mechanics,
and
clas
Many
“macroscopic”
properties
of
“classic”
systems
are
direct
consequences
of
quantum
behavior
of
***
for
example,
stability
of
bulk
matter
(which
consists
of
atoms
and
molecules
which
would
quickly
collapse
under
electric
forces
alone),
rigidity
Because
seemingly
exotic
behavior
of
matter
posited
by
quantum
mechanics
and
relativity
theory
become
more
***
HSee
quantum
gravity,
[edit]
Theory
There
are
numerous
mathematically
equivalent
formulations
of
quantum
mechanics.
***
one
of
the
oldest
and
most
commonly
used
formulations
is
the
transformation
theory
invented
by
Cambridge
theoretical
physicist
Paul
Dirac,
which
unifies
and
generalizes
the
t
In
this
formulation,
the
instantaneous
state
of
a
quantum
system
encodes
the
***
examples
of
observables
include
energy,
position,
momentum,
and
angular
momentum.
***
observables
can
be
either
continu
Generally,
quantum
mechanics
does
not
assign
definite
values
to
observables.
***
instead,
it
makes
predictions
about
probability
distributions;
that
is,
the
probability
of
obtaining
each
of
the
possible
outcomes
from
measuring
an
observable.
***
naturally,
these
For
example,
consider
a
free
particle.
***
in
quantum
mechanics,
there
is
wave-particle
duality
so
the
properties
of
the
particle
can
be
described
as
a
wave.
***
therefore,
its
quantum
state
can
be
represented
as
a
wave,
of
arbitrary
shape
and
extending
over
all
Usually,
a
system
will
not
be
in
an
eigenstate
of
whatever
observable
we
are
interested
in.
***
however,
if
one
measures
the
observable,
the
wavefunction
will
instantaneously
be
an
eigenstate
of
that
observable.
***
this
process
is
known
as
wavefunction
collapse
Wave
functions
can
change
as
time
progresses.
***
an
equation
known
as
the
Schrödinger
equation
describes
how
wave
functions
change
in
time,
a
role
similar
to
Newton's
second
law
in
classical
mechanics.
***
the
Schrödinger
equation,
applied
to
the
aforementioned
Some
wave
functions
produce
probability
distributions
that
are
constant
in
time.
***
many
systems
that
are
treated
dynamically
in
classical
mechanics
are
described
by
such
"static"
wave
functions.
***
for
example,
a
single
electron
in
an
unexcited
atom
is
pictur
The
time
evolution
of
wave
functions
is
deterministic
in
the
sense
that,
given
a
wavefunction
at
an
initial
time,
it
makes
a
definite
prediction
of
what
the
wavefunction
will
be
at
any
later
***
during
a
measurement,
the
change
of
the
wavefunction
into
The
probabilistic
nature
of
quantum
mechanics
thus
stems
from
the
act
of
measurement.
***
this
is
one
of
the
most
difficult
aspects
of
quantum
systems
to
understand.
***
it
was
the
central
topic
in
the
famous
Bohr-Einstein
debates,
in
which
the
two
scientists
at
[edit]
Mathematical
formulation
Main
article:
Mathematical
formulation
of
quantum
mechanics
See
also:
Quantum
logic
In
the
mathematically
rigorous
formulation
***
the
inner
product
between
two
state
vectors
is
a
complex
number
known
as
a
probability
amplitude.
***
during
a
measurement,
the
probability
that
a
system
collapses
from
a
given
initial
state
to
a
particular
eigenstate
is
given
by
the
square
of
the
absolute
v
The
Schrödinger
equation
acts
on
the
entire
probability
amplitude,
not
merely
its
absolute
value.
***
whereas
the
absolute
value
of
the
probability
amplitude
encodes
information
about
probabilities,
its
phase
encodes
information
about
the
interference
betwee
It
turns
out
that
analytic
solutions
of
Schrödinger's
equation
are
only
available
for
a
small
***
they
assert
that
the
state
space
of
a
system
is
a
Hilbert
space
and
the
observables
are
Hermitian
operators
acting
on
that
space,
but
do
not
tell
us
which
Hilbert
space
or
which
operators,
or
if
Unsolved
problems
in
physics:
In
the
correspondence
limit
***
how
does
the
quantum
description
of
reality,
which
includes
elements
such
as
the
superposition
of
states
and
wavefun
Early
attempts
to
merge
quantum
mechanics
with
special
relativity
involved
the
replacement
of
the
Schrödinger
equation
with
a
covariant
***
while
these
theories
were
successful
in
explaining
m
The
full
apparatus
of
quantum
field
theory
is
often
unnecessary
for
describing
electrodynamic
systems.
***
a
simpler
approach,
one
employed
since
the
inception
of
quantum
mechanics,
is
to
treat
charged
particles
as
quantum
mechanical
objects
being
acted
on
b
Quantum
field
theories
for
the
strong
nuclear
force
and
the
weak
nuclear
force
have
been
developed.
***
the
quantum
field
theory
of
the
strong
nuclear
force
is
called
quantum
chromodynamics,
and
describes
the
interactions
of
the
subnuclear
particles:
quarks
It
has
proven
difficult
to
construct
quantum
models
of
gravity,
the
remaining
fundamental
force.
***
semi-classical
approximations
are
workable,
and
have
led
to
predictions
such
as
Hawking
radiation.
***
however,
the
formulation
of
a
complete
theory
of
quantum
g
[edit]
Applications
Quantum
mechanics
has
had
enormous
success
in
explaining
many
of
the
features
of
our
world.
***
the
individual
behaviour
of
the
subatomic
particles
that
make
up
all
forms
of
matter—electron
protons,
neutrons,
photons
and
others—can
often
only
be
satisfacto
Quantum
mechanics
is
important
for
understanding
how
individual
atoms
combine
covalently
***
the
application
of
quantum
mechanics
to
chemistry
is
known
as
quantum
chemistry.
***
HRelativistic)
quantum
mechanics
can
in
principle
ma
Much
of
modern
technology
operates
at
a
scale
where
quantum
effects
are
significant.
***
examples
include
the
laser,
the
transistor,
the
electron
microscope,
and
magnetic
resonance
imaging.
***
the
study
of
semiconductors
led
to
the
invention
of
the
diode
and
th
Researchers
are
currently
seeking
robust
methods
of
directly
manipulating
quantum
states.
***
efforts
are
being
made
to
develop
quantum
cryptography,
which
will
allow
guaranteed
secure
transmission
of
information.
***
a
more
distant
goal
is
the
development
of
qu
In
many
devices,
even
the
simple
light
switch,
quantum
tunneling
is
vital,
as
otherwise
the
electrons
in
the
electric
current
could
not
penetrate
the
potential
barrier
made
up,
in
the
case
of
the
light
***
[edit]
Philosophical
consequences
Main
article:
Interpretation
of
quantum
mechanics
Since
its
inception,
the
many
counter-intuiti
results
of
quantum
mechanics
have
provoked
strong
philosophical
debate
and
many
interpretations
***
even
fundamental
issues
such
as
Max
Born's
basic
rules
concerning
probability
amplitudes
and
probability
dist
The
Copenhagen
interpretation,
due
largely
to
the
Danish
theoretical
physicist
Niels
Bohr,
is
the
interpretation
of
quantum
mechanics
most
***
according
to
it,
the
probabilistic
nature
of
quantum
mechanics
predictions
cann
Albert
Einstein,
himself
one
of
the
founders
of
quantum
theory,
disliked
this
loss
of
determinism
in
measurement.
***
HHence
his
famous
quote
"God
does
not
play
dice
with
the
universe.")
He
held
that
there
should
be
a
local
hidden
variable
theory
underlying
The
writer
C.S.
***
lewis
viewed
quantum
mechanics
as
incomplete,
because
notions
of
indeterminism
did
not
agree
with
his
religious
beliefs.[3]
Lewis,
a
professor
of
English,
was
of
the
opinion
that
the
Heisenberg
uncertainty
principle
was
more
of
an
epistem
The
Everett
***
ok.
***
man
you
ar
egoing
to
know
to
much
things.
***
yea
but
your
going
to
KNOW
it.
***
dont
say
that.
***
i
know.
This
computer
is
comin
with
me.
***
yes.
***
i
know
we
will
be
tegether
forever.
***
yours
are
really
bad
though.
***
i
know
im
sorry
computer
guy.
***
man
im
talking
to
(Dead|Taco).
***
you
damn
right.
***
murder
&sigother.
***
yes.
***
]i
know.
***
tell
me
a
story.
***
what
about
tribes?
***
you
need
to
go
faster.
***
im
high.
***
man
your
not
high.
***
yea
im
only
burnt.
***
logan
is
in
rehab.
***
could
i
really?
***
how
old
is
this
planet?
***
i
know
what
you
mean.
***
i
know
what
you
mean.
***
i
know
what
you
mean.
***
i
know
what
you
mean.
***
shazbot!
***
fuck.
***
well
i
have
to
go
&botname.
***
well
i
have
to
go
&botname.
***
well
i
have
to
go
&botname.
***
well
i
have
to
go
&botname.
***
well
i
have
to
go
&botname.
***
yea
im
sorry.
***
yea
im
sorry.
***
evidence
of
the
inhalation
of
cannabis
smoke
can
be
found
as
far
back
as
the
Neolithic
age,
as
indicated
by
charred
cannabis
seeds
found
in
a
ritual
brazier
at
an
ancient
burial
site
in
present
day
Romania.[4]
The
most
famous
users
of
cannabis
were
the
***
hemp
seeds
discovered
by
archaeologists
at
Pazyryk
suggest
early
ceremonial
practices
like
eating
by
the
Scythians
occurred
during
the
5th
to
2nd
centur
Cannabis
was
introduced
to
the
Americas
in
the
mid-19th
century
by
Indian
laborers
under
the
Indian
***
in
the
Caribbean,
cannabis
is
still
known
The
production
of
cannabis
for
drug
use
remains
illegal
throughout
most
of
the
world
through
for
ex.
***
international
Opium
Convention
of
1925,
the
Marijuana
Tax
Act
of
1937,
the
1961
Single
Convention
on
Narcotic
Drugs,
the
1971
Convention
on
Psychotropic
Medical
use
Main
article:
Medical
cannabis
A
synthetic
form
of
one
chemical
in
marijuana,
Delta-9
***
the
American
Marijuana
Policy
Project,
a
pro-cannabis
organization,
contends
that
cannabis
is
an
ideal
therapeutic
drug
for
c
FDA
and
comparable
authorities
in
Western
Europe
including
the
Netherlands,
have
not
approved
smoked
marijuana
for
any
***
the
current
view
of
the
United
States
Food
and
Drug
Administration
is
that
if
there
is
any
future
of
marijuana
as
A
synthetic
extract
of
cannabis
has
been
shown
to
relieve
symptoms
of
anorexia
in
elderly
Alzheimer's
patients.[26]
Glaucoma,
a
condition
***
there
has
been
debate
for
25
years
on
the
subject.
***
***
***
***
[{[names.bfb]}]
ADAM
ALLISON
BECKY
BRANDON
CHRIS
COREY
CORY
CRYSTAL
DAN
DAVE
DAWN
DEREK
EMILY
ERIC
GREG
HENRY
JAMIE
JEREMY
JESS
JOHN
JON
JOSH
JULIE
KATE
KATIE
KERRY
KEVIN
KIM
KRISTIN
LAURA
LESLIE
MARK
MATT
MIKE
MINDY
NATE
RICH
RYAN
SARAH
STEPH
TINA
VICKY
[{[nouns.bfb]}]
AGE
ANIMAL
BALL
BICYCLE
BIKE
BIRD
BODY
BOY
BOYFRIEND
CAR
CAT
CHAIR
CHARACTER
CHIPMUNK
CLIFF
COLLEGE
COMPUTER
DAD
DAY
DEAL
DISK
DOG
FAVOR
FEELINGS
FRIEND
GIRL
GIRLFRIEND
GOD
GUITAR
GUY
HAND
HEDGEHOG
HOLIDAY
HOUSE
HUMAN
HUNK
HUSBAND
INSTRUMENT
KEYBOARD
LUNCH
MAGAZINE
MAN
MOFO
MOM
MORNING
MORON
MOTORCYCLE
NAME
NERVES
NOUN
ORANGE
PET
PHONE
POINT
POOL
PRESIDENT
QUESTION
RAT
SCENT
SCHOOL
SCOOTER
SMELL
SMILEY
STUPIDITY
SUBJECT
SYMBOL
THING
TIME
TOY
TRUCK
TRUTH
WAY
WEATHER
WIFE
WOMAN
WORD
WORLD
VARIETY
CLASSIC
MUSICAL
CAPABILITY
CLASSICAL
MULTIPLE
1983
CENTURY
IQ
INFLUENTIAL
GENIUS
PERSON
EXCEPTIONAL
POSSESSION
SUPERIOR
SPIRIT
SPECIFIC
IMAGE
COMPARABLE
DJINN
COGNATE
POLYMATHGENIUS
GIVEN
ABSENT-MINDED
PECULIARITIES
ONES
WECHSLER
PRIMARY
DR
IDEA
THEORY
LEADER
PEOPLE
INTELLECT
WILL
ABILITY
DICTIONARY
MACHINE
LIST
DEVICES
CHURCH–TURING
CERTAIN
NASA
A
CONCEPT
OFTEN
MECHANICAL
ABACUS
BECAUSE
IMPROVEMENT
TEMPLATE
1837
TABULATING
END
HALF
ELECTRICAL
BASIS
USE
IMPLEMENT
STORED
Z3
1941
DEVICE
US
SINGLE
NOW
1950S
INSTRUCTIONS
COMPUTER'S
PLACE
TEXT
LOT
THE
ONE
IMMENSE
PREDICTABLE
REQUESTED
ITSELF
UNITED
EMPHASIZE
DETAILED
DIFFERENT
MAC
PACKAGING
TECH
MODS
EXCITING
ABANDONED
UNREASONABLE
INHERENTLY
FOREWARN
DEPICTING
PHYSICAL
TONGUE
IMMATERIAL
MYTHOLOGY'S
CANAA
CONCEIT
GUIDE
ACTION
SEASON
POETIC
VISIT
FATHER'S
HELLISH
BLAKE'S
DANTE'S
WORLD'S
WANT
FROZEN
SECT
OBSERVABLE
GETS
ACCEPTABLE
HEIR
MIRACLES
MILLENNIUM
JUDGED
AN
HIS
MOON
LIFETIME
WIND
BROAD
NEPTUNE'S
PLANET'S
ELECTROMAGNETIC
LACK
URSAE
SPIN-ORBIT
APPEARS
MOON'S
WOBBLING
SPECTACULAR
ROVER
QUARTER
JUPITER'S
NAKED
JUPITER
PREDOMINANT
ENORMOUS
SATURN'S
PLANET
PLUTO'S
COMA
SOURCE
SUN'S
MAGNETICALLY
SUPERNOVA
PLASMA
75%
PUZZLE
VAST
ORBITALS
GOING
[{[stuffing.bfb]}]
ABSOLUTE
ABSOLUTELY
ALMIGHTY
ALUMINUM
AMAZING
AMERICAN
AUTOMATED
AWESOME
BAD
BADLY
BEAUTIFUL
BEST
BETTER
BIG
BIGGER
BIGGEST
BLACK
BLACKER
BLACKEST
BLUE
BLUER
BLUEST
BRASS
COMPLETE
CONSEQUENTIAL
CONSIDERABLE
COOL
COOLER
COOLEST
CRAMMED
CRAZY
CRAZIER
CRAZIEST
CROWDED
CUTE
CUTER
CUTEST
DEEP
DUMB
DUMBER
DUMBEST
EXPANSIVE
EXTENSIVE
FAST
FASTER
FASTEST
FAT
FATTER
FATTEST
FAVORITE
FIRST
FULL
FULLER
FULLEST
FUNNY
FUNNIER
FUNNIEST
GOOD
GREAT
GREEN
HEAVY
HEAVIER
HEAVIEST
HEFTY
HOT
HOTTER
HOTTEST
HUSKY
IMPORTANT
JAMMED
LAME
LAMEST
LARGE
LARGER
LARGEST
LAST
LITTLE
LITTLER
LITTLEST
MAJOR
MEAN
MEANER
MEANEST
MEANINGFUL
MEANINGFULLESS
MEANINGLESS
METAL
METALLIC
MOMENTUS
MOST
MOTORIZED
MUCH
NEW
NEWER
NEWEST
NICE
NICER
NICEST
OBVIOUS
OLD
OLDER
OLDEST
OVERSIZED
PEACEFUL
PHILOSOPHICAL
PLASTIC
PREGNANT
PRETTIER
PRETTIEST
PRETTY
REALLY
RED
REDDER
REDDEST
RIGHT
SAME
SHALLOW
SIGNIFICANT
SIZABLE
SLOW
SLOWER
SLOWEST
SLY
SMALL
SMALLER
SMALLEST
SMART
SMARTER
SMARTEST
SMILING
STRONG
STRONGER
STRONGEST
STUPID
SUBSTANTIAL
SUBSTANTIALLY
SWEET
SWEETER
SWEETEST
TOO
TWO
UGLY
UGLIER
UGLIEST
VERY
VIOLENT
WARM
WARMER
WARMEST
WEIGHTY
WELL
WHITE
WHITER
WHITEST
WOODEN
WORST
WRONG
YELLOW
EITHER
LIFE
IN
LATER
OR
PRODIGY
CLOSEST
TERM
IS
RELATED
SPECIFIC
FALSE
SEE
ROOTS
ETYMOLOGICAL
THESE
ON
INFORMATION
MORE
FOR
LIN
FEW
BASED
LIMIT
COMMUNICATION
ESSENTIAL
KANT
IMMANUEL
OF
PHILOSOPHY
STUDY
CHARA
MID-20TH
ELECTRONIC
EARLY
ANY
VERSATILITY:
THIS
STATEMENT
MATHEMATICAL
MAGAZINE
COMPUTER
WRISTWATCHA
THESIS
CHURCH–TURING
A
WITH
TO
REFERRED
CALCULATIONS
NUMERICAL
PERFORMED
WHO
PERSON
HUMAN
AID
EXAMPLES
COMPUTING
MECHANICAL
THOSE
NONE
HOWEVER
AR
AND
RULE
SLIDE
DEFINITION
MODERN
USED
THAT
LOOM
TEXTILE
AS
CARDS
PAPER
PUNCHED
SERIES
DESIGN
CONCEPTUALIZE
PROGRAMMABLE
FULLY
20TH
WHICH
COMPUTERS
ANALOG
SOPHISTICATED
INCREASINGLY
BY
MET
WERE
NEEDS
SCIENTIFIC
MANY
CENTURY
DIRECT
PROBLEM
DIGITAL
FIVE
CHARACTERISTICS
DEFINING
PROG
NOT
WORKING
FLOATING
INCLUDING
ARITHMETIC
BINARY
FEATURING
MACHINE
ATANASOFF–BERRY
NON-PROGRAMMABL
COLOSSUS
BRITISH
SECRET
DEMONSTRATED
BUT
PROGRAMMABILITY
LIMITED
HAD
1944
I
MARK
HARVARD
ELECTROMECHANIC
LARGE-SCALE
PURPOSE
GENERAL
KONRAD
SINCE
Z3
UP
CAME
FLAWS
ITS
RECOGNIZING
ENIAC
DEVELOPERS
SEVERAL
HOWEV
INITIALLY
ALL
NEARLY
NEUMANN
VON
JOHN
DESCRIBED
FORMALLY
WAS
WORD
EARLIER
STANDARD
MINIATURIZED
ARE
MICROPROCESSORS
CALLED
BE
LONGER
NO
WOULD
DEVICES
OFTEN
IMPLEMENT
TUBE-BASED
CPUSVACUUM
PROGRAM
STORED
SAY
CAN
IT
CASES
S
AT
OUT
THEM
CARRY
STORE
WILL
READING
LIKENED
MIGHT
EXECUTION
EX
CARRIED
GENERALLY
MEMORY
WHILE
EACH
READ
NORMALLY
SIMILARLY
COMPARATIVELY
SOMET
MAY
USING
PERFORM
CALCULATOR
POCKET
JUST
NUMBERS
ADDING
SUCH
OPERATION
BASIC
PRESSES
BUTTON
THOUSANDS
TAKE
1000
1
FROM
FURTHER
WITHOUT
TASK
ADDITION
REPETITIVE
MAKE
NEVER
ALMOST
MISTAKE
PC
ABOUT
THE
MILLIONTH
THEMSELVES
THINK
CANNOT
SECOND[4]
EXACTLY
PROBLEMS
SOLVE
ONLY
THEY
SENSE
INTELLIGENT
FACED
ACTUALLY
INSTEAD
REALIZE
SOON
ABOVE
ARRIVE
N
WORDS
OTHER
WORK[5]
500500
ANSWER
CORRECT
ADD
PROGRAMMED
PROGRAMS
CONTAINING
CARD
1970S
LINE
ONE
TERMS
PRACTICAL
PURPOSESIN
IDENTIFICATION
PROJ039
LABELLED
W1
+
Y
=
Z1
READS:
ANYWHERE
INCLUDE
DOZEN
MILLI
INSTRUCTIONS
TEAMS
ERRORS
INDIVIDUAL
BEN
BUGS
SOMETIMES
BEING
INSTRUCTION
CODE
GIVEN
HAVE
TOGETHER
COMMAND
OPCODE
WRITE
POSSIBLE
MULTIPLY
LISTS
LONG
THAN
EASIER
CONSIDERABLY
THOUGH
LANGUAGE
ASSEMBLY
WRITING
EXPRES
ABLE
LANGUAGES
PROGRAMMING
HIGH-LEVEL
ABSTRACT
WRITTEN
COMPLICATED
THEREFORE
RELIABILITY
HIGH
ACCEPTABLY
EXAMPLE
PROFESSIONA
ACADEMIC
REDSUPPOSE
SHOWING
LIGHT
TRAFFIC
DRIVE
EMPLOYED
SIMPLE
OFF
TURN
SAY:
LIGHTS
SECONDS
SIXTY
WAIT
THERE
SUPPOSE
CONNECTED
SWITCH
ONOFF
INTENDED
INSTRUCT
THEN
&TIME
BUSSES
INTERCONNECTED
PARTS
IO
REGISTERS
ALU
UNIT
CONTROL
KNOWN
COLLECTIVELY
LINKED
CLOSELY
HARDWARE
COMPONENTS
SEPARATE
COMPOSED
CPUS
CPU
ARTICLES:
MAIN
TYPICAL
MID-1970S
DIRECTS
CONTROLLER
CENTRAL
SYSTEM
DECODES
INTERPRETS
READS
INTO
TURNS
COMMON
COMPONENT
KEY
COUNTER
CELL
SPECIAL
LOCATION
TRACK
KEEPS
REGISTER
DECODE
SIGNALS
COMMANDS
SET
INCREMENT
POINTS
SO
DATA
WHATEVER
INPUT
TYPICALLY
REQUIRED
WITHIN
PROVIDE
IF
SPECIALIZED
RESULT
BACK
OUTPUT
DONE
CHANGED
CELLS
ANOTHER
CONCEPTUALLY
100
CAUSE
NEXT
DOWN
LOCATIONS
PLACE
NOTICEABLE
PRO
OPERATIONS
SEQUENCE
CONTAIN
SUPERSCALAR
PROCESS
ALUS
MULTIPLE
FEATURES
MIMD
SIMD
PROCESSORS
GRAPHICS
ARTICLE:
THROUGH
POPULAR
CORE
MAGNETIC
STORAGE
MEMORYA
SEMICONDUCTOR
REPLACED
COMPLETELY
UNTIL
1960S
VIEWED
HAS
BITS
EIGHT
GROUPS
NUMBERED
CONSE
CONTAINS
RAPIDLY
BETWEEN
DEPENDING
HUNDRED
TH
ANYTIME
RAM
CHANGES
SOFTWARE
PRE-LOADED
ROM
NEEDED
FREQUENTLY
MOVE
DESIGNED
CACHE
SORT
DISKS
HARD
INPUTOUTPUT
AUTOMATICALLY
COMPUTERSIO
MEANS
PERSO
TINY
FIFTY
PROCESSING
MULTITASKING
DESKT
RUNNING
GIGANTIC
GIVE
NECESSARY
SYSTEMS
SOME
HAVING
ACHIEVED
BEFORE
RU
CHEAP
ERA
PRINCIPLE
ALLOW
USE
SHARE
PEOPLE
SEEMINGLY
PROPORTION
-
SLOWLY
RUN
SWITCHING
THEIR
SPEND
WORK
DIVIDE
HEAVILYSOME
MULTIPROCESSING
SUPERCOMPUTERS
CRAY
DEV
WAITING
TIME
PARTICULAR
CO
POWERFUL
UTILIZED
TECHNIQUE
TRADITIONALLY
SIGNIFICANTLY
DIFFER
ARCHITECTURES
UNIQUE
HIGHLY
SAGE
LED
NUMBER
THROUGHOUT
INSTITUTIONS
RESEARCH
ENGINEERS
ARPA
FUNDED
EFFORT
DARPA
NOW
C
PRODUCED
NETWORK
TRIBES
40TH
33RD
SPANNING
FUTURE
DISTANT
AD
BACK-STORY
WHEN
2471
BEGINS
GAMES
SHOWS
EMPIRE
CYBRIDS
REMAINING
HUNTED
TIBERIUS
KING
IMPERIAL
RULED
GAME
CHRONOLOGICALL
MAPPED
TERRAIN
DURING
TRAVERSED
FAR
SPHERE
VIRTUAL
REPEAT
SEEN
LANDSCAPE
ITSELF
POWERED
JETPACKS
ARMOR
ENERGY
RECHARGES
RATE
SOM
REQUIRING
USES
JETPACK
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DIRECTLY
ENEMY
ROLE
MOBILE
TRUCKS
ARMORED
HEAVILY
2
INTRODUCED
BASES
POINT
STATION
RESUPPLY
QUICKLY
FLY
ARMOR:
KINDS
THREE
CHOOSE
PLAYER
PUTS
BSIEGE
DEFENDING
CHARGE
SIDE
SUCCESSFUL
TOUCH
GOAL
SIDES
TEAM
INITIATE
SOMEONE
BOOT
VOTE
START
TEAMKILLER
VERSIONS
WINDOWS
FEATURE
ALLOWING
SCRIPTING
DETAILED
WEAPONS
FOLLOW
PROJECTILES
SPINFUSORS
HERE
LAUNCHERS
DISC
MINES
AVAILABLE
ALSO
DEADLY
TRAJECTORY
STRAIGHT
RETAINS
STILL
STARSIEGE:
[EDIT]
SKILLED
MULTIPLAYER
UBIQUITOUS
ELEMENTS
PIONEERED
AFTER
SHORTLY
DEVELOPMENT
BEGAN
EXTREME
VERSION
SINGLE
VEHICLES
ADDITIONAL
ADDED
TANK
TWO-PERSON
BOMBER
THREE-PERSON
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PLAY
DETAILS
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ORIGINAL
HE
LOAD
NAMED
ENGINE
GRAPHIC
ASSAULT
AERIAL
MAPS
FEWER
SIMPLIFIED
OFFERED
SIERRA
PUBLISHED
ENTERTAINMENT
INEVITABLE
DEVELOPED
SUBSET
VOICE
COMMANDER
TRIBES:
RTS
CONSOLE
&
IDEA
VENGEANCE
CONSO
IDEAS
&SIGOTHER
TRADITION
MERGED
POSITION
PREQUEL
FEATURED
SUPPORT
SINGLE-PLAYER
IRRATIONAL
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ACROSS
RIFE
GOSSIP
2006
MARCH
APPEARANCE
VIDEOS
SHORT
LEAKS
GARAGEGAMES
NET
DEBUT
DEMO
MODIFICATIONS
T
ALLUSION
DESIGNERS
MODIFICATION
END-USER
MODDERS
FRIENDLY
STARSIEGE
COMPETITION
COMMUNITY
CHANG
DRASTICALLY
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CHARACTERISTIC
WEAPON
USUALLY
ORGANIZED
SPONSORED
ORGANIZATIONS
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RELEASE
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GAMEPLAY
ITERATIONS
CTF
TEAMPLAY
TEAMPLAYNET
G
RANKING
POINT-VALUE
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CURRENTLY
PLANETS
POSSESSION
RENEGADES
HOME
TWL
TEAMWARFARE
MEMBERS
MOSTLY
FORMED
ATVL
ASYLUM
INVOLVING
PARTIES
LAN
TRIBES-BASED
TOOK
TRIBESCON
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250
2002
PEAKED
ATTENDANCE
TRIBESCAMP
MEMBER
DISLIKED
PARTICULARLY
EVENT
ONE-YEAR
MARKETED
2000
TRIBESGALA
MANIFESTING
POPULARIZED
ONE-TIME
CIRCUS
PRESS
PERSONALITIES
PRESENCE
INDISPUTABLY
UVALAN
DISCONNECTING
GATHERING
PRIMARY
WARS
TRIBAL
V
CHANTILLY
ANNUALLY
HELD
OLD_SKUL
SZABO
BROTHER
CHEATER
TOM
HOSTED
FEBRUARY
BEGINNING
PUSH
MARKETING
TRIBES:VENGEANC
ASIDE
PUT
ORGANIZERS
BOTH
MURDER
DE
TRIBALWAR
PLAYERS
KILLING
UNLAWFUL
HOMICIDE
FORMS
DISTINGUISHED
AFORETHOUGHT
MALICE
ANCIENT
JURISDICTIONS
POLICE
INVESTIGATION
CALL
DEFINED
LAW
ANALYSIS
LEGAL
EXISTS
ACTS
DEFENDANT
RISK
UNJUSTIFIABLY
KILL
INTENT
ELEMENT
UNDER
THUS
INTENTIONALLY
AGAINST
INSTRUMENT
VICTIM
AUTHORIZES
III
HEART
MALIGNANT
ABANDONED
CONDUCT
MUST
INDIFFERENCE
RECKLESS
DOCTRINE
FELONY-MURDER
IV
DEMONS
INHABITED
COMMONLY
DEAD
SOULS
HELL
FAITH
BAHá'í
REGARDS
HEAVEN
DESCRIPTION
CONVENTIONAL
SYMBOLIC[2]
DESCRIBE
WRITINGS
REMOTENESS
WHERE
CONDITION
SPIRITUAL
EXPLAINS:
BEYOND
WORLD
DIFFERENT
CHILD
MOTHER[3]
WOMB
ANALOGY
SUMMARIZES
WAYS
STATE
TEACHINGS
DIYU
ATONE
TAKEN
CHAMBERS
LEVELS
UNDERGROUND
MAZE
STORY
CHINESE
NON-CHRISTIAN
PREACHED
MISSIONARIES
CHRISTIAN
CHINA
BELIEVED
ENGLISH
PROPER
SIMILAR
VIEW
PRESENT
NOTES
BANK
BURN
FUNERAL
MONEY
BRIBE
RULER
REST
JUDGMENT:
SPEAKING
JESUS
RECORDS
LUKE
BELIEFS
CHRISTIANITY
MON
SAID
ACCOUNT
DESERVE
UNBELIEVERS
POPULARLY
REFERS
UNSEEN
MEANING
LITERALLY
HADES
DEATH
CONSCIOUS
VIEWS
MAJORITY
TELL
JUDE
MATTHEW
BOOKS
FIRE
REPORT
REVELATION
ROSE
MIRA
ROZA
OPUS
MAGNUM
DEPARTED
VISION
HIERARCHY
ENTIRE
SHEOLS
DEISM
APPEA
BELIEF
CREATED
GOD
WHAT
TAKES
OUTSIDE
DO
PUNISHMENT
WHETHER
CONTRADICTIONS
HINDUISM
NARAKA
TARTARUS
MYTHOLOGY
GREEK
DEIS
EXCLUDED
NOR
NEITHER
AFTERLIFE
METAPHOR
MAHABHARATA
MENTION
PANDAVAS
HELLS
GO
SIN
'PAAP'
COMMIT
ACCORDANCE
PUNISHMENTS
YAMA
ACCOUNTS
ARABIC:
JAHANNAM
BELIEVE
MUSLIMS
ISLAM
UNIVERSE
VEDIC
TOUR
COMMITTE
SINS
HEBREW
RESEMBLES
GEHENNIM
QUR'AN
DESCRIPTIONS
LITERAL
BOOK
HOLY
CONDEMNED
SPLIT
FIERY
PERPETRATED
ACTIONS
ISLAMIC
ACCORDING
NAMES
STATES
QURAN
ALTHOUGH
ZAMHAREER
SIJJIN
SAE'ER
SAQOR
HAWIAH
LADZA
HUTAMAH
JAHIM
HADITH:
AYAH
QURANIC
PORTRAYED
TORMENTING
STEAMING
COLDEST
O
FREEZING
EXISTING
PIT
LOWEST
MEANT
HAWIYAH
TWO-FACED
HYPOCRITES
MESSENGER
CONSIDERED
HYPOCRISY
DANGEROU
PERIOD
INDEFINITE
EVEN
ETERNALLY
REASON
CASE
SUFFERS
SHAITAN
DEVIL
TIMES
70
HELLFIRE
BECAUSE
`BURNED'
SHATA
DERIVED
SHAYTAN
NOTE:
YU
DI
RELIGIONS
JAPANESE
POLITICS
DEAL
STORIES
SLEEP
PROCLAIMS
DANIEL
JUDAISM
DUST
DOES
CONTEMPT
EVERLASTING
SHAME
AWAKE
SHALL
EARTH
REFER
OPEN
ALWAYS
RETURN
TESHUVA
GATES
PROBABLY
SAMARITANS
GEHENNA
MESSIANIC
SUBBOTNIKS
W
SEPARATION
WICKED
SHEOL
EXISTENCE
SHADOWY
XIBALBá
MAYA
NINE
UNDERWORLD
DANGEROUS
METNAL
HORRIBLE
TAOISM
REALM
HEL
NORSE
MORALITY
CONCEPT
DISTINCTION
MAN-MADE
TAOIST
ENDOWS
TENETS
ADOPTED
COUNTRY
CHURCH
UNIFICATION
MAN
TEACHES
EXIST
PAYING
REPENT
CHANGE
INDEMNITY
DECIDES
DECIDED
PERFECTION
REACH
ONCE
HUMANS
BREATHE
LOVE
ZOROASTRIANISM
DEEDS
SINFUL
COMMITTED
GATHAS
HOUSE
OVER
ANNIHILATION
HISTORY
PURGATION
“UFFERN”
CELTIC
“ANAON”
BRITON
EUROPE
SUMERIAN
EAST
MIDDLE
“ARALU”
COMEDY'
'DIVINE
COMMEDIA
DIVINA
ALIGHIERI
DANTE
1300
YEAR
OPENS
1667
LOST
PARADISE
HIMSELF
VIRGIL
ANGELS
FALLEN
DEFEATED
BEEN
WAKING
SATAN
LEADER
WAR
19TH
PORTRAYES
MILTON
ALLUDED
RIMBAUD
ARTHUR
POET
FRENCH
THEMES
TITLE
WORKS
SUFFERING
OWN
BOUGUEREAUMANY
WILLIAM-ADOLPHE
EPIC
LATIN
ROMAN
DIS
DESCENDS
AENEAS
AENEID
SP
1903
PICTURES
SHAW
BERNARD
GEORGE
SUPERMAN
AUTHORED
SARTRE
JEAN-PAUL
WRITERS
INFLUENTIAL
EXIT
RELIGIOUS
INTERPRETATION
INSPIRATION
1793
MARRIAGE
WILLIAM
BORROWS
1945
DIVORCE
COMEDY
DIVINE
D
ENDLESS
POURNELLE
JERRY
NIVEN
LARRY
INFERNO
NOVEL
1976
1981
HOUND
MOORCOCK
MICHAEL
PAIN
BEK
ULRICH
CHARACTER
RECOVERING
CHARGES
LUCIFER
VISIT
GRAIL
ATTEMPT
ORDER
TELEVISION
SPEECH
EVERYDAY
COMMONPLACE
SAYING
EUPHEMISTIC
SOMEWHAT
CONSIDER
US
HILL
SAM
HECK
OATH
MINCED
EUPHEMISM
TARNATION
YOU
DARN
GOSH
EXAMPLE:
PLACE[8]
COLD
DAY
DAILY
“HELL”
“COLD
HELL”
“ON
TRANSPIRE
RELATING
IDIOM
REQUEST
REPRESENTED
CIRCLE
INNERMOST
HEAVENS
PHYSICAL
SKY
EXPANSE
3
GETTING
ORIGINS
[HIDE]
CONTENTS
PHILOSOPH
OUR
PLANE
ORIGINALLY
AREA
DWELLING
CONCEPTIONS
SOURCES
VARIED
ABUNDANT
TE
AGREE
TYPE
PERTAINING
J
KINGDOM
FATHER
JOY
REWARD
LORD
LIBERATION
MOKSHA
REINCARNATION
EMPHASIS
TRADITIONS
WESTERN
EASTERN
PART
SWEDENBORGIANIS
CHRISTIANI
CONCEPTS
CONFUSED
RESURRECTION
CONTRASTED
ORIGIN
BIBLICAL
EXCLUSIVELY
BODY
IMMORTALITY
DAWN
REACHED
PLOTS
FICTION
SCIENCE
FILMED
NOTION[CITATIO
CHALLENGE
AGE
FILM
DISNEY
HOLE
LOCATED
FOUND
SPACECRAFT
MANNED
BOTT
FLIGHT
SPACE
TRACING
WRIGHT
DIMENSION
HOW
TEACH
LIVED
CONDITIONAL
ENTRANCE
EXCEPTION
NOTABLE
NEEDED]
PROTESTANTISM[C
MAINSTREAM
FIDE'
'SOLA
UN
RELIGION
CLOSENESS
CONVERSELY
ENTRY
BAHá'íS
ARTICLE
WHOSE
RENDERED
NAME
SCRIPT
SYRIAC
ENOUGH
KNOWLEDGEABLE
ANYONE
TAUGHT
HISTORICALLY
LA
GENERALIZED
ETERNAL
ATTAINED
SHARED
[[PURGATORY
ENTERING
CATHOLICS
CLEANSES
EGO
RATHER
MAKES
PERFECTED
NATURE
UPON
DEPENDS
SECTS
PROTESTANT
MO
VENIAL
VALID
SECOND
2ND
IRENAEUS
ABODE
INHERIT
WORTHY
DEEMED
WROTE
HERESIES
ORTHODOX
REGARDING
COMMUNIONS
ORIENTAL
R1
SICKNESS
THIRST
HUNGER
PERFECTION—NO
BODILY
CITIES
RUINED
MATT
CATHOLICISM
AMOS
&TIME8
PASSAGES
CATHOLIC
TESTAMENTS
SCRIPTURES
TRINIT
BLESSED
BEATIFIC
PERFECTLY
RESTS
SOUL
ELSE
ANYTHING
DESIRE
JUDGMENT
REUNITED
TEACHING
CATECHISM
UNDERSTOOD
DIE
CHURCH:
OPPOSED
PURGATORY
JUDGEMENT
CARRIES
ARCHANGEL
MEETS
PETER
SAINT
APPLICATION
ARTISTIC
GAVE
CHRIST
PERMITTED
PURE
DIES
LIKE
HI
EVER
DIED
VALIDLY
BAPTIZED
DISSOLVES
BAPTISM
SACRAMENT
H
ABSOLVED
MORTAL
ENTER
TEMPORAL
PAYS
DESERVED
RECEIVES
INTERMEDIATE
THOUGHT
UNCLEAR
CONCLUDED
FOLLOWING
OCCURS
PLAN
PRESUMABLY
CREATION
PERFECT
UNSPOILT
RENEWED
TRANSLATED
OURANOU
TOU
BASILEIA
Hê
INDEED
SKIES
ESCHATOLOGY
ADVENTIST
SEVENTH-DAY
SANCTUARY
HEAVENLY
CALVINISM
ARMINIANISM
SEE:
UNDERSTANDING
FOLLOWING:
LIVE
SON
EXEMPLIFIED
RIGHTEOUSNESS
PROMISES
VOLUNTARIL
SUFFERED
SAVIOUR
RESURRECT
ALONG
GATHER
RIGHTEOUS
UNRIGHTEOUS
COMING
SAINTS
REIGN
CLOSE
DWELLS
REDEEMED
HOLD
WITNESSES
AN
JEHOVAH
CREATURES
SPIRIT
SOVEREIGN
POWER
DIVIDED
FOUR
AFTERWARDS
WHI
UPPER
BODIES
SEPARATED
SPIRITS
PREPARATION
LEARNING
CONTINUE
INHABITANTS
JUDGEME
SENT
LEVELS:
CELESTIAL
ACCEPTED
DISCIPLES
VALIANT
FAITHFUL
FULLNESS
HIM
COVENANTS
KEPT
GOSPEL
HIS
PROPHETS
GLORY
TERRESTRIAL
COMPARABLE
PLACED
TELESTIAL
PAINS
DARKNESS
OUTER
PERDITION
RESCUED
EVENTUALLY
RESERVED
ETERNITIES
BORN
TEMPORARY
BIRTH
LOKA
SWARGA
L
CYCLE
CHITRAGUPTA
ACCOUNTANT
KARMIC
COSMOLOGY
BUDDHIST
BUDDHISM
SUBORDINATE
NOTED
SPREAD
BEINGS
CYCLES
UNDERGOING
PLANES
EXISTENTIAL
CONFIRMED
BUDDHA
LITERATURE
GONE
MEETING
AMONG
PROMINENT
GODS[CITATION
SAKKA
INDRAZEUS
STAYS
GODS
HUMA
INTERFERES
IMMORTAL
DECAY
SUBJECT
INTENSITY
PROCESSES
MANNER
STATUS
INFERIOR
REGARDED
DIFFE
PAST
VIRTUE
WORLDS
HIGHER
GRADUATED
GRADUALLY
LOWER
DURATIONS
SUTRAS
EQUAL
YEARS
JANNAH
REFERENCES
AL-RA’D:
SURAH
35
VERSE
QU'RAN
WELL-DEFINED
_—THE
JEWISH
HABA
OLAM
HIGHEST
ALONGSIDE
LISTED
SEVEN
SHAMAYIM:
INFORMATION:
GOVERN
GABRIEL
GOVERNED
REALMS
RAQUIA:
MOSES
ENCOUNTERED
PARASANGS
300
STOOD
NURIEL
ANGEL
SHEHAQIM:
FASHIONED
MYRIADS
50
RETINUE
THIRD
MACHON:
FIFTH
SAMAEL
ADMINISTRATION
MERELY
EVIL
SERVANT
DARK
ZEBUL:
FALLS
SIXTH
ARABOTH:
SEVENTH
CASSIEL
LEADERSHIP
HOLIEST
PROVIDED
HOUSES
FACT
THRONE
SERVES
ARCHANGELS
UNDERNEATH
COCONUT
EGG
MAORI
PRESIDED
KIKO-RANGI
THUS:
DIVIDES
WAKA-MARU
TOUMAU
NGA-ROTO
RAIN
SUNSHINE
LAKES
HAU-ORA
RULES
MARU
SUPPORTED
LEGEND
TAHITAN
TUAMOTUS
CONCEPTION
POLYNESIAN
ILLUSTRATED
NICELY
DIVISION
DRAWING
FAMOUS
ASSOCIATED
STAGE
LEFT
EVOLUTION
REPRESENTS
LOW
HUNG
ANIMALS
SHOWN
BURIALS
CRITICISM
ATHEIST
RATA
BUILT
CANOES
REJECT
ATHEISTS
CONCERNED
ALIKE
BUDDHISTS
NON-THEISTS
NOTION
OPIATE
MISERY—OR
LIVES'
COPE
TOOL
MASSES—A
LIVES
MISERABLE
TOLD
ARGUED
SUN
PROMISE
STATING
SUMMED
DAWKINS
RICHARD
YOUNG
END
AROUND
MURDERERS
WILLI
ME
WANT
VONNEGUT
KURT
SOMETHING
ARGUES
PORTRAYAL
FOCUS
TEND
INCORRECT
CHURCHES
HELL-
EMISSARIES
TODAY
MOVEMENT
AFFECTS
ORBIT
MOTIONS
CIRCULAR
TELESCOPE
DETERMINED
DEFINITIONS
IAU
SA
ASTRONOMERS
IMPROVED
TOOLS
OBSERVATIONAL
ORBITED
5
FORMATION
4
DISPUTES
ETYMOLOGY
MOONS
6
DWARF
51
SOLAR
WANDERERS
PLANETAI[4]
PATA
ONTO
GODS'
GRAFTING
PRACTICE
BORROWED
CERTAINLY
BABYLONIANS
CIVILISATION
CONTEMPORARY
WORKED
JUPITER
SHIFTS
PLANET
17TH
NAMING
RETAIN
DESCENDED
PORTUGUESE
SPANISH
ITALIAN
ROMANCE
CULTURES
NON-EUROPEAN
INDIA
INCORPORATES
NAVAGRAHA
TRADITIONAL
SATURN
MARS
VENUS
MERCURY
MOON
ALSO:
DESCENDING
ASCENDING
REGION
BEE
VESTA
PALLAS
CERES
OBSERVATIONS
INITIAL
RECENTLY-CREATE
OBJECT
MONITORING
2000S
1990S
OBJECTS
DISCOVERIES
FLOOD
PLUTO
ASTEROIDS
GROWING
DISCOVERY
LATTER
HALF
TWENTIETH
DISAGREEMENT
PROMPTED
TRANS-NEPTUNIAN
2003
DECISIONIN
EXTRASOLAR
GROUP
UNION
ASTRONOMICAL
INTERNATIONAL
BELOW
MASSES
CLUSTERS
STAR
FREE-FLOATING
DWARFS
SUB-BROWN
DEUTERIUM
FUSION
THERMONUCLEAR
MASS
LIMITING
REMAINS
JOURNALS[21]
PUBLISHING
WIDELY
EFFECTIVE
YET
PERMANENT
ADDRESS
DID
ADDRESSED
FINALLY
MATTER
DISPUTE
DEBATE
PROPOSAL
FAILED
PASS
VOTED
RESOLUTION
FULFILL
CONDITIONS
SOTER:
STEVEN
ASTRONOMER
SECONDARY
PRODUCT
ACCRETION
DISK
KBOS
COMETS
AFTERMATH
STATED
DEFINITION[23]
IT[24]
RECENTLY
PREVAILING
THEORY
COLLAPSE
NEBULA
THIN
PROTOSTAR
SURROUNDED
PROTOPLANETARY
ROTATING
AC
DISKWHEN
IMPRESSION
IGNITES
GROWN
SURVIVING
REMOVED
PHOTOEVAPORATIO
OUTWARD
INSIDE
INTERIOR
DEVELOPING
DIFFERENTIATE
TERRES
DESCRIBING
METALLICITY—A
LEVEL
ISOTOPES
ABUNDANCE
SCALE
SIZES
PLANETS:
GIANTS
GAS
SCALEMAIN
HSIZES
CURRENT
DISTANCE
INCREASING
NEPTUNE
URANUS
ARE:
GIANTS:
ICE
ATTRIBUTES
PLANETARY
DEPLETION
SUB-CLASS
PROPOSED
DECISION
AUGUST
DWAR
RELATIVE
MEASURED
BELT
ASTEROID
ERIS
KUIPER
FORT
BROWN
MIKE
AB
CEPHEI
GAMMA
1988
2007
NOVEMBER
DISCOVERED
267
CLEAR
RESEMBLE
NEWLY
P
NEWLY-DISCOVERE
OBSERVATION
REQUIRE
INTERSTELLAR
PROJECTS
FUSING
OBSERVED
SATELLITES
NATURAL
RINGS
MOTION
LAWS
DYNAMIC
OTH
WHILST
NOTE
ANGLE
ECCENTRICITY
RELATION
ELONGATION
DELINEATED
ELEMENTS:
ELONGATED
DESCRIBES
ORBITS
ECCENTRICITIES
ECCEN
ILLUSTRATION
AXIS
SEMI-MAJOR
AXISTHE
HALF-WAY
ELLIPTICAL
DIAMETER
LONGEST
NECESSARILY
APASTERON
INCLINATION
TELLS
ECLIPTIC
LIE
ROTATION
ROTATE
TILT
AXIAL
DEGREES
VARYING
CLOCKWISE[52]
ROTATES
EXCEPT
DIRECTION
COUNTER-CLOCKWI
CAUSES
VARY
HEMISPHERE
RECEIVED
AMOUNT
COURSE
CLEARANCE
ORBITAL
FRO
AWAY
NORTHERN
SHARING
ISOLATION
EFFECT
MANDATED
MASSIVE
DOMINATE
GRAVITY
FORCE
EFFECTIVELY
B1257+12
PSR
EXCLUDING
1992
ROUGHLY
EVERY
DIFFERENTIATION
INTERNAL
MERCURY[61]
FLUID
ENTIRELY
SANK
MATERIALS
DENSER
LEAVING
CENTRE
CONSISTING
DIFFERENTIATED
ATMOSPHERES
PLANETAR
DENSE
PARTICLES
GASEOUS
KEEP
AMOUNTS
PLA
COMPLEX
NUMEROUS
110913-773444
CHA
ROGUE
DISC[76]
'SKY'
VARIES
FACTOR
ATMOSPHERE
EXPLAINS
ATMOSPHE
VARIOUS
OBSERVER
DUPLICATED
MATERIAL
11
ASSEMBLED
ENTRIES
12
31
POLAR
SOUTHERN
PICTORIS
POLARIS
FAINTER
VISIBLE
ECCENTRIC
SIZE
APPARENT
EART
22
SIDEREAL
DAYS
~587
LASTS
TRANSITS
MERIDIAN
LENGTH
GENERATES
RESONANCE
SPIN-ORBIT
UNUSUAL
WHEREVER
HAPPENS
M
CERTAIN
BRIGHTEST
SID
NIGHT
WE
THICK
DISTINGUISHABLE
DAYTIME
IMAGES
COLOR
SUGGEST
PROBES
VENERA
SOVIET
COULD
TOPS
CLOUD
VENUS'
ALOFT
WHIP
HAND
TREATED
STARS
IMPOSSIBLE
BRIGHT
UNLESS
REFLECTED
SUNLIGHT
SHIELDED
LOOKS
DUE
COLORED
BRIGHTER
ABSORPTION
SCATTERING
ATMOSPHERIC
LACK
19°
SYNCHRONOUS
TOWARDS
TURNED
PERMANENTLY
NEAR
PURELY
LIBRATION
MONTH
ECLIPSES
MEET
CAUSING
LUNAR
SEES
ECLIPSE
PASSES
SHADOW
BEHIND
—
ECLI
SIMPLY
TELESCOPES
OBSERVERS
TRAVEL
SPOT
DARKENED
WHENEVER
SUMMARY
OCCURRING
OCCUR
ALIGN
ASTRONOMY
[2]
DENEB
POLE
MARTIAN
ACTUAL
COLOUR
PINKISH-RED
SUNRISE
SUNSET
VICINITY
OPPOSITE
RAYLEIGH
TIM
WEAK
CAUSED
OXIDE
IRON
APPROXIMATELY
LESS
25
SENDS
035°
16
BRIGHTNESS
PHOBOS
MARS'
MOVEMENTS
ONE-THIRD
SURFACE
ANGULAR
BARELY
DEIMOS
RISES
2'
DOT
SETS
WEST
NORMAL
RELATIVEL
COVER
TRANSIT
EVENTS
ARTICLES
DOUBLE
MAXIMUM
CONJUNCTION
25'
TERR
2500
6400
APPEARS
400
TAKING
ELEVENTH
WIDTH
POPULATED
SPARSELY
SITUATED
UNLIKELY
CROSS
SPRE
APPROACHES
OCCASIONAL
GET
OCCASIONALLY
OFFER
SEPT
LOT
PHAETHON
3200
COMET
EXTINCT
LIKELY
REMUS
ROMULUS
SYLVIA
87
PERIHELION
APPEAR
FARTHER
SLIGHTLY
089°
ASSUME
REPRESENTATIONS
B
LEAST
REACHES
FAINTLY
NARROW
MINUTES
ARC
EUROPA
SIMULATED
PLANETASIDE
PARENT
NEAREST
GANYMEDE
CALLISTO
QUARTER
STAND
GALILEAN
STARLIKE
INNER
INVISIBLE
MOO
WIGGLE
BIT
SATE
SPECTACULAR
ECLIPSING
EQUATOR
EQUATORTHE
LATITUDE
FAIRLY
IMPRESSIVE
LOOK
WAY
TITAN
ANGUL
APPROXIMATE
OCTANTIS
FACING
PAN
104
~50°
SAT
ENCKE
WIDE
15°
INV
PRACTICALLY
EDGE-ON
IMAGE
PROBETITAN
HUYGENS
SHOW
PROBE
TITANIAN
SEEMS
FIGURE
ENCELADUS
SKYSEEN
ENCELADUS'
30°
THEREFOR
SYNCHRONOUSLY
MOREOVER
0019°
WO
MIMAS
OBSERVE
26
JUDGING
PROBABLE
OPHIUCHI
MAGNITUDE
82°
OBLIQUITY
URANUS'
BETELGEU
HALFWAY
SOUTH
ANTARES
NORTHEAST
DIAMETERS
COMPARISON
FOLLOWS
UMBRIEL:
18-22'
ARIEL:
11-15'
MIRANDA:
OBSERVERS:
31'
MEASURES
TRITON
SWIFTLY
MOVES
RETRO
COMPOUNDED
58
SHORTER
TRITONTRITON
CHARON
AL
ACCOMPANIED
LEFTPLUTO
NIX
TWENTY-YEAR
NONETHELESS
FIND
PRESENTS
FACE
OBS
NEARS
DRAMATICALLY
TAILS
FORMING
SUBLIME
BEGIN
ICES
NEARING
OBSCURED
QUITE
CONSTELLATIONS
NAKED
LUMINOUS
BERENICES
COMAE
ß
CENTAURI
ALPHA
OURS
HYPOTHETICAL
EARTH-LIKE
UNITS
125
CEN
134
REVOLUTION
ERIDANI
40
ILLUMINATION
SUN-LIKE
65
ALDEBARAN
ORBITING
FAR-AWAY
SOL
LATIN:
CENTER
METEOROIDS
998%
SOLA
COMPOSITION
INDICATES
SUFFIX
HYDROG
NUCLEAR
MILKY
GALAXY
LIGHT-YEARS
26000
COMPLETING
GALACTIC
EQUIVALENT
KMS
217
SPEED
TRAVELING
140
LIGHT-YEAR
LOCAL
HIGH-TEMPERATUR
DIFFUSE
ZONE
BUBBLE
LOW-DENSITY
RIM
ARM
ORION
CONSTANT
METER
SQUARE
PER
WATTS
1370
ULTRAVIOLET
DISTA
EFFECTS
MEDICAL
SUNBURN
LAY
OZONE
ATTENUATED
STRONGLY
PATH
SHAPE
ANALEMMA
ALIGNED
8
NORTHSOUT
SUPPORTS
RISE
GIVES
FIELD
QUESTIONS
SCIENTISTS
STUDIED
INTENSIVELY
WHY
UNANSWERED
REMAIN
ASSUMED
NASCENT
CONVERTED
TONNES
MILLION
NEUTRI
PRODUCING
EXPLODE
BILLION
5–6
EXPANDING
LAYERS
PHASE
GIANT
FUEL
HYDROGEN
CONSUMED
HELIUM
LIFE-CYCLE
PULSATIONS
THERMAL
INTENSE
THROW
EJECTED
STELLAR
EXTREMELY
STRUCTURE
SUNTHE
99%
COMPRISES
TOTAL
NEAR-PERFECT
MILLIONTHS[11]
9
ESTIMATED
OBLATENESS
ROCKY
BOUNDARY
DEFINITE
NEVERTHELESS
OBSERVABLE
OPAQUE
REVEAL
EARTHQUAKES
GENERATED
WAVES
SEISMOLOGY
CROSS-SECTION
MAK
HELIOSEISMOLOGY
DISCIPLINE
HNASATHE
EXTEND
150
KGM³
150000
DENSITY
WATER
TEMPERATURE
EQUILIBRIUM:
SELF-CORRECTING
EXPAND
HEAT
RAY
CONVECTION
ALTITUD
GROWS
SUNIN
70%
LAYER
RADIUS
COLUMNS
IMPRINT
TURBULENT
PHOTOSPHERE
DYNAMO
SMALL-SCALE
ESCAPES
PROPAGATE
FREE
STUDIES
OPACITY
SPECTRUM
OPTICAL
LINES
HYPOTHESIZED
LOCKYER
NORMAN
1868
CORONA
EYETHE
OPERATING
SPECTRU
ELECTROMAGNETIC
KM
500
MINIMUM
DETECTED
MONOXIDE
CARBON
MOLECULES
DOMINATED
CHROMOSPHERE
CHROMA
ROOT
JANUARY
REVEALS
FILAMENTARY
SMOOTHLY
MERGES
FILLS
WIND
AU
01
RADII
20
EXTENDS
HELIOSPHERE
FRINGES
FLOW
SUPERALFVéNIC—T
BECOMES
CHEMICAL
1993:15[20]
THOUL
CITED
1990[19]
BAHCAL
ABUNDANCES
DISTRIBUTION
DIFFUSION
RELATIONS
ANALYSED
CLAIMED
ACADEMICS
2005
NEON
1986
CONTENT
Y=025
FOCUSED
SINGLY-IONISED
AUTHORS
RELATIONSHIP
FRACTIONATION
INTEREST
IE
SPECIALIST
EL
SPEEDS
REPRESENTATIVE
SUNSPOTS
VARIATION
MEASUREMENTS
SUNSPOT
OBSERVING
YEARSWHEN
30
FILTRATION
APPROPRIATE
CYCLETHE
~11-YEAR
INFLUENCE
WEATHER
COR
MINIMA
ACTIVITY
RECENT
INSTABILITIES
CLAIMS
EXPLANATION
AGES
NEUTRINO
THEORETICAL
NEUTRINOS
ELECTRON
PREDICTED
TERMED
ANOMALOUS
RESOLVE
THEORIES
HEATING
CORONAL
E
LIES
HEATED
GRA
SOUND
WAVE
REACHING
REFRACT
DISSIPATE
ALFVéN
EASILY
CORONA[33]
MODELS
PARADOX
FAINT
RESE
AGO
38
ARCHEAN
LIQUID
SUSTAIN
SURFAC
SHEET
HELIOSPHERIC
RESULTS
PLASMA
MEDIUM
INTERPLANETARY
PULLED
CHARIOT
TRUNDHOLM
HORSE
ILLUSTRATING
SCULPTURE
BRONZE
NORDIC
HERESY
APPARENTLY
REVIVED
16TH
SOURCE
SUGGESTED
KELVIN
COOLING
RADIATING
1904
HELM
HERMANN
HEAT[40]
RUTHERFORD
ERNEST
MAINTAINED
RADIOACTIVE
EDDINGTON
SIR
1920
EINSTEIN
ALBERT
SOURCE[42]
ORB
HELIOS
MOUNT
APOLLO
SKYLAB
SATELLITE
US-GERMAN
JOINT
CARRYING
1980
SPA
LAUNCHED
MISSION
FLARES
RADIATION
UV
X-RAYS
RAYS
LAUNCH
MONTHS
IDENTIFY
ALLOWED
TYPES
PEAK
REGIONS
DATE
MISSIONS
SOHO
TWO-YEAR
TEN
OPERATED
ERUPTING
IMAGEALL
ELEMENTAL
EQUAT
MEASUR
GENESIS
SAMPLE
FALL
AHEAD
PULL
RESPECTIVELY
IDENTICAL
STEREO
ENABLES
DAMAGE
EYE
LENS
CAMERA
LOOKING
EARTHSUNLIGHT
HAZARDOUS
PARTIAL
U
ADAPTED
PUPIL
CONTRAST:
VISUAL
UNUSUALLY
DILATES
MIE
PAR
PASSAGE
COMFORTABLY
SHOULD
BINOCULARS
FILTERS
PHENOMENA
CULTURAL
APERTURE
OBJECTIVE
VENERATION
SL
PRONOUNCED
DURATION
MARS[62]
TIMEKEEPING
SECONDS[63]
35244
39
HOURS
24
NUEVO
CURRENCY
PERUVIAN
PREDECESSOR
SUCCESSOR
1985–1991
ASIA
INT
DUONG
THáI
NHT
HAN
VIETNAMESE
NATIVE
TRI
MT
LEXX
HEA
TV
FANTASY
ADVENTURES
LIVING
NUDITY
INNUENDO
SEXUAL
AIRED
CANADA
CHARACTERS
VILLAINS
CREW
41
MINOR:
33
32
CLUSTER
EPISODE
SER
AGENT
CLASS
4TH
GUARD
SECURITY
DOWNEY
BRIAN
TWEEDLE
CAPTAIN
ACCIDENT
REBELLION
BELLRINGER
ZEVXEV
B3K
ZEV
HABERMANN
EVA
PLAYED
SEASON
EPISODES
HIRSCHFIELD
JEFFREY
790
THEREAFTER
XEV
SEEBERG
XENIA
HEAD
ROBOT
PLANT
MAN-EATING
WISCHERMANN
LOUISE
LYEKKA
INTERACTS
REGULARLY
STANLEY
GALLANT
VOICED
WOMAN
WORSHIP
YO
STARSHIP
PLANET-DESTROYI
MANHATTAN-SIZED
BIOENGINEERED
COLLECTIONS
ORGAN
INGESTING
SEAT
MECHANICS
RESPONDS
SHIP
POSSESSOR
BEACON
HAND-SHAPED
BRIDGE
ORDERS
CONFIRM
LAND
USEFUL
ALIVE
STAY
CONSTANTLY
EAT
FOOD
DENIED
BECOM
HOSTS
MOTHS
CRAFT
ORNITHOPTER-LIK
BIO-ENGINEERED
CONTINGENT
SHORT-RANGE
SHIPS
INSECT-LIKE
FUNCTION
DESTROY
ABILITY
INITIATED
FOLLOWED
DRAMATIC
PARA
OCULAR
IRONY
TECHNOLOGICAL
ORGANIC
TREMENDOUSLY
UTTER
GENDER
SORTS
EXTERIOR
SUGGESTIVE
HUMANLIKE
FEMALE
STYLIZED
EXTENDING
COLUMN
SPINAL
SKELETAL
SUGGESTING
ARRIVES
SEX-CHAN
THOUSAND
ADVANCED
SEASONS
FINAL
UNIVERSES:
FICTIONAL
MOVIES
WHOLE
BRUNNEN-G
BRUNNIS
MANTRID
DRONES
BIOMECHANICAL
SUMMONING
CRUNCH
ESCA
PARALLEL
FINDS
ENTIRETY
FO
SETTING
ESCAPE
KAI
STAN
WATERFIRE
BFIRE
INHOSPITABLE
MERCILESSLY
BEATS
SANDS
DESERT
GROUND
QUANTUM
PHYSICS
BOOMTOW
SPORTS
GAMETOWN
SETTLEMENTS
ATTEMPTS
RELATIVITY
OVERVIEW
APPL
BRANCH
FUNDAMENTAL
UNIFIED
CLASSICAL
ENERG
DISCRETE
UNDERSTAND
NEWTONIAN
WORKINGS
COLLIDE
ELECTRONS
ATOM
ESPECIALLY
STAYING
FORMALISM
ABSTRAC
EXEMPLAR
PLANCK
MAX
1900
CLASSES
BROADLY
EXPLOITED
QUANTA
PACKETS
INSISTED
ASPECT
NOTHING
REALITY
EXPLAIN
1905
PHOTOEL
POSTULATES
REJECTING
ACCEPT
INVENTIVE
CLEARLY
COROLLARIES
EXOTIC
CAUSALITY
DETERMINISTIC
NEGL
ARISE
INCONSISTENCIES
JOIN
TRIES
RESOLVING
TWENTY-FIRST-CE
TWENTIETH-
EXPERIMENTALLY
VERIFIED
PREDICTIONS
CORRESPONDENCE
LOGIC
RIGIDITY
ALONE
FORCES
ELECTRIC
ATOMS
CONSISTS
BULK
STABILITY
POSITED
BEHAVIOR
HSEE
FORMULATIONS
TRANSFORMATION
GENERALIZES
UNIFIES
DIRAC
PAUL
PHYSICIST
CAMBRIDGE
INVENTED
FORMULATION
INSTANTANEOUS
ENCODES
DISTRIBUTIONS
PROBABILITY
OBTAINING
MEASURING
OUTCOMES
NATURALLY
DUALITY
WAVE-PARTICLE
PROPERTIES
PARTICLE
ARBITRARY
EIGENSTATE
WAVEFUNCTION
INSTANTANEOUSLY
FUNCTIONS
EQUATION
SCHRöDINGER
APPLIED
PRODUCE
AFOREMENTIONED
DYNAMICALLY
PICTUR
UNEXCITED
PREDICTION
MEASUREMENT
STEMS
PROBABILISTIC
TOPIC
DEBATES
BOHR-EINSTEIN
VECTORS
COLLAPSES
WHEREAS
VALUE
PROBABILITIES
AMPLITUDE
SOLUTIONS
ANALYTIC
BETWEE
INTERFERENCE
ASSERT
HILBERT
ACTING
OPERATORS
HERMITIAN
OBSERVABLES
PHYSICS:
UNSOLVED
INCLUDES
INVOLVED
MERGE
WAVEFUN
SUPERPOSITION
REPLACEMENT
EXPLAINING
APPARATUS
APPROACH
SIMPLER
CHARGED
TREAT
INCEPTION
ACTED
CHROMODYNAMICS
INTERACTIONS
CONSTRUCT
DIFFICULT
PROVEN
QUARKS
PARTICLES:
SUBNUCLEAR
APPLICATIONS
SUCCESS
ENORMOUS
BEHAVIOUR
OTHERS—CAN
PHOTONS
NEUTRONS
PROTONS
MATTER—ELECTRON
SUBATOMIC
OPERATES
TECHNOLOGY
MA
HRELATIVISTIC
LASER
TRANSISTOR
SEMICONDUCTORS
INVENTION
CRYPTOGRAPHY
DEVELOP
EFFORTS
QU
OTHERWISE
VITAL
TUNNELING
PENETRATE
BARRIER
POTENTIAL
CONSEQUENCES
DIST
AMPLITUDES
CONCERNING
ISSUES
LARGELY
COPENHAGEN
BOHR
NIELS
DANISH
CANN
FOUNDERS
HHENCE
QUOTE
DICE
VARIABLE
HIDDEN
UNDERLYING
INCOMPLETE
LEWIS
INDETERMINISM
NOTIONS
BELIEFS[3]
PROFESSOR
OPINION
UNCERTAINTY
HEISENBERG
EPISTEM
KNOW
SORRY
IM
EVIDENCE
SMOKE
CANNABIS
INHALATION
NEOLITHIC
SEEDS
CHARRED
INDICATED
BRAZIER
RITUAL
SITE
BURIAL
ROMANIA[4]
USERS
EATING
PRACTICES
CEREMONIAL
PAZYRYK
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
HEMP
OCCURRED
SCYTHIANS
CENTUR
5TH
AMERICAS
MID-19TH
LABORERS
INDIAN
CARIBBEAN
DRUG
PRODUCTION
ILLEGAL
1925
CONVENTION
OPIUM
1937
ACT
TAX
MARIJUANA
1961
DRUGS
NARCOTIC
PSYCHOTROPIC
1971
SYNTHETIC
PROJECT
POLICY
CONTENDS
ORGANIZATION
PRO-CANNABIS
FDA
THERAPEUTIC
IDEAL
AUTHORITIES
UNITED
GLAUCOMA
PATIENTS[26]
ELDERLY
ANOREXIA
SYMPTOMS
RELIEVE
EXTRACT
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3.1
200
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5
Okay, I will.
Sure, IF you can persuade me enough!
There's nothing I would rather do.
Yes, of course!
You know me, I'm always willing to try something new.
5
Never!
No, I never will!
Not for a million dollars!
NO!!
No, but I guess that doesn't mean YOU wouldn't!